"""Convert the Steps tree from a ROOT file to Parquet.

See `uv run dwarf convert --help` for the CLI.
"""

from pathlib import Path
from typing import Literal, cast

import awkward as ak
import polars as pl
import uproot

ParquetCompression = Literal["lz4", "uncompressed", "snappy", "gzip", "brotli", "zstd"]


def _add_secondary_attributes(df: pl.DataFrame) -> tuple[pl.DataFrame, int]:
    """Add per-step secondary attributes via the parent→child track join.

    For each step that spawns secondaries, collects each child track's birth
    state (from the child track's first step in the same event) and emits:
      e_sec        float64  — total secondary energy (sum of child first-step pre_E)
      sec_E_list   list[f64] — per-secondary energy, sorted descending
      sec_pdg_list list[i32] — per-secondary PDG code, same order
      sec_dx_list  list[f64] — per-secondary birth direction x, same order
      sec_dy_list  list[f64] — per-secondary birth direction y, same order
      sec_dz_list  list[f64] — per-secondary birth direction z, same order

    Steps with no children get 0.0 / empty lists. The full event must be
    present in `df` (it is — the writer concatenates before calling this).

    A listed child_track_id can fail to match any row in `first_step` — the
    child track never took a recorded step (e.g. absorbed below the tracking
    threshold at birth). Such orphans carry no physical secondary data, so
    they're dropped from child_track_ids/sec_*_list rather than left as nulls:
    a null in a float32 list silently becomes NaN once the parquet round-trips
    through the loader (`giant/data/loader.py:_pad_list_col`), and that NaN
    poisons every later secondary slot in the same step via the cumulative-sum
    "remaining budget" in `encode_secondaries`.

    Returns (df, n_orphaned) — the caller uses the count to report/aggregate
    across files rather than relying solely on the printed message here.
    """
    first_step = (
        df.sort("step_no")
        .group_by(["event_id", "track_id"])
        .agg(
            pl.col("pre_E").first().alias("child_E"),
            pl.col("pdg").first().alias("child_pdg"),
            pl.col("pre_dx").first().alias("child_dx"),
            pl.col("pre_dy").first().alias("child_dy"),
            pl.col("pre_dz").first().alias("child_dz"),
        )
        .rename({"track_id": "child_track_id"})
    )

    child_track_id_dtype = cast(pl.List, df.schema["child_track_ids"]).inner

    exploded = (
        df.select(["event_id", "child_track_ids"])
        .with_row_index("_step_row")
        .explode("child_track_ids")
        .rename({"child_track_ids": "child_track_id"})
        .drop_nulls("child_track_id")
    )

    joined = exploded.join(first_step, on=["event_id", "child_track_id"], how="left")

    n_orphaned = joined["child_E"].null_count()
    if n_orphaned:
        print(
            f"  dropping {n_orphaned} orphaned child_track_id(s) with no "
            "recorded first step (absorbed below tracking threshold?)"
        )
    joined = joined.drop_nulls("child_E")

    # Sort each step's secondaries by descending energy, then aggregate into lists
    per_step = (
        joined.sort("child_E", descending=True)
        .group_by("_step_row")
        .agg(
            pl.col("child_track_id").alias("child_track_ids"),
            pl.col("child_E").sum().alias("e_sec"),
            pl.col("child_E").alias("sec_E_list"),
            pl.col("child_pdg").alias("sec_pdg_list"),
            pl.col("child_dx").alias("sec_dx_list"),
            pl.col("child_dy").alias("sec_dy_list"),
            pl.col("child_dz").alias("sec_dz_list"),
        )
    )

    empty_list_f64 = pl.Series("x", [[]], dtype=pl.List(pl.Float64))
    empty_list_i32 = pl.Series("x", [[]], dtype=pl.List(pl.Int32))
    empty_list_child_id = pl.Series("x", [[]], dtype=pl.List(child_track_id_dtype))

    out = (
        df.drop("child_track_ids")
        .with_row_index("_step_row")
        .join(per_step, on="_step_row", how="left")
        .with_columns(
            pl.col("child_track_ids").fill_null(empty_list_child_id),
            pl.col("e_sec").fill_null(0.0).cast(pl.Float64),
            pl.col("sec_E_list").fill_null(empty_list_f64),
            pl.col("sec_pdg_list").fill_null(empty_list_i32),
            pl.col("sec_dx_list").fill_null(empty_list_f64),
            pl.col("sec_dy_list").fill_null(empty_list_f64),
            pl.col("sec_dz_list").fill_null(empty_list_f64),
        )
        .drop("_step_row")
    )
    return out, n_orphaned


def _batch_to_polars(batch: ak.Array) -> pl.DataFrame:
    """Convert one awkward-array batch to a Polars DataFrame.

    Flat numeric/string fields are converted via numpy; variable-length fields
    (like child_track_ids) fall back to Python lists so polars stores them as
    List columns — a type parquet understands natively.
    """
    col_dict: dict = {}
    for field in ak.fields(batch):
        arr = batch[field]
        if arr.ndim == 1 and not isinstance(arr.layout, ak.contents.ListOffsetArray):
            col_dict[field] = ak.to_numpy(arr)
        else:
            col_dict[field] = ak.to_list(arr)
    return pl.DataFrame(col_dict)


def convert_steps_to_parquet(
    root_path: str | Path,
    output_path: str | Path | None = None,
    batch_size: str = "100 MB",
    tree_name: str = "Steps",
    compression: ParquetCompression = "snappy",
) -> tuple[Path, int]:
    """Read *tree_name* from *root_path* and write it to a Parquet file.

    Reads in batches of *batch_size* so that peak ROOT-deserialization memory
    stays bounded. All batches are collected as Polars DataFrames and written
    in a single pass at the end (Polars' parquet writer does not support
    row-group appending without pyarrow).

    Parameters
    ----------
    root_path:   Input ROOT file.
    output_path: Output Parquet file. Defaults to *root_path* with .parquet suffix.
    batch_size:  Uproot read batch size — an uproot size string ("100 MB") or
                 integer row count (500_000).
    tree_name:   Name of the TTree inside the ROOT file.
    compression: Parquet compression codec (snappy | lz4 | zstd | gzip | none).

    Returns (output_path, n_orphaned) — n_orphaned is the count of dropped
    orphaned child_track_ids (see `_add_secondary_attributes`), 0 if the tree
    has no child_track_ids column at all. Callers converting many files use
    it to aggregate a total instead of grepping the printed per-file message.
    """
    root_path = Path(root_path)
    if output_path is None:
        output_path = root_path.with_suffix(".parquet")
    else:
        output_path = Path(output_path)

    with uproot.open(root_path) as f:
        tree = f[tree_name]
        n_entries = tree.num_entries
        print(f"Reading '{tree_name}' from {root_path.name}  ({n_entries} entries)")

        batches: list[pl.DataFrame] = []
        rows_done = 0
        for batch in tree.iterate(library="ak", step_size=batch_size):
            batches.append(_batch_to_polars(batch))
            rows_done += len(batch)
            print(f"  {rows_done:,} / {n_entries:,} rows read", end="\r", flush=True)

    df = pl.concat(batches)
    # Steps tree carries the parent→child links needed to derive secondary energy;
    # other trees (e.g. Hits) don't, so only augment when the column is present.
    n_orphaned = 0
    if "child_track_ids" in df.columns:
        print("\nComputing per-step secondary attributes …", end=" ", flush=True)
        df, n_orphaned = _add_secondary_attributes(df)

    print(f"\nWriting {output_path} …", end=" ", flush=True)
    df.write_parquet(output_path, compression=compression)
    print(f"done  ({output_path.stat().st_size / 1e6:.1f} MB)")
    return output_path, n_orphaned
