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geant4/source/processes/electromagnetic/xrays/src/G4Cerenkov.cc
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//
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////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Cerenkov Radiation Class Implementation
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// File: G4Cerenkov.cc
// Description: Discrete Process -- Generation of Cerenkov Photons
// Version: 2.1
// Created: 1996-02-21
// Author: Juliet Armstrong
// Updated: 2007-09-30 by Peter Gumplinger
// > change inheritance to G4VDiscreteProcess
// GetContinuousStepLimit -> GetMeanFreePath (StronglyForced)
// AlongStepDoIt -> PostStepDoIt
// 2005-08-17 by Peter Gumplinger
// > change variable name MeanNumPhotons -> MeanNumberOfPhotons
// 2005-07-28 by Peter Gumplinger
// > add G4ProcessType to constructor
// 2001-09-17, migration of Materials to pure STL (mma)
// 2000-11-12 by Peter Gumplinger
// > add check on CerenkovAngleIntegrals->IsFilledVectorExist()
// in method GetAverageNumberOfPhotons
// > and a test for MeanNumberOfPhotons <= 0.0 in DoIt
// 2000-09-18 by Peter Gumplinger
// > change: aSecondaryPosition=x0+rand*aStep.GetDeltaPosition();
// aSecondaryTrack->SetTouchable(0);
// 1999-10-29 by Peter Gumplinger
// > change: == into <= in GetContinuousStepLimit
// 1997-08-08 by Peter Gumplinger
// > add protection against /0
// > G4MaterialPropertiesTable; new physics/tracking scheme
//
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include "G4Cerenkov.hh"
#include "G4ios.hh"
#include "G4LossTableManager.hh"
#include "G4Material.hh"
#include "G4MaterialCutsCouple.hh"
#include "G4MaterialPropertiesTable.hh"
#include "G4OpticalParameters.hh"
#include "G4OpticalPhoton.hh"
#include "G4ParticleDefinition.hh"
#include "G4ParticleMomentum.hh"
#include "G4PhysicalConstants.hh"
#include "G4PhysicsFreeVector.hh"
#include "G4Poisson.hh"
#include "G4SystemOfUnits.hh"
#include "G4ThreeVector.hh"
#include "Randomize.hh"
#include "G4PhysicsModelCatalog.hh"
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4Cerenkov::G4Cerenkov(const G4String& processName, G4ProcessType type)
: G4VDiscreteProcess(processName, type)
, fNumPhotons(0)
{
secID = G4PhysicsModelCatalog::GetModelID("model_Cerenkov");
SetProcessSubType(fCerenkov);
thePhysicsTable = nullptr;
Initialise();
if (verboseLevel > 0) {
G4cout << GetProcessName() << " is created." << G4endl;
}
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4Cerenkov::~G4Cerenkov()
{
if(thePhysicsTable != nullptr)
{
thePhysicsTable->clearAndDestroy();
delete thePhysicsTable;
}
}
void G4Cerenkov::ProcessDescription(std::ostream& out) const
{
out << "The Cerenkov effect simulates optical photons created by the\n";
out << "passage of charged particles through matter. Materials need\n";
out << "to have the property RINDEX (refractive index) defined.\n";
G4VProcess::DumpInfo();
G4OpticalParameters* params = G4OpticalParameters::Instance();
out << "Maximum beta change per step: " << params->GetCerenkovMaxBetaChange();
out << "Maximum photons per step: " << params->GetCerenkovMaxPhotonsPerStep();
out << "Track secondaries first: "
<< params->GetCerenkovTrackSecondariesFirst();
out << "Stack photons: " << params->GetCerenkovStackPhotons();
out << "Verbose level: " << params->GetCerenkovVerboseLevel();
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
void G4Cerenkov::Initialise()
{
G4OpticalParameters* params = G4OpticalParameters::Instance();
SetMaxBetaChangePerStep(params->GetCerenkovMaxBetaChange());
SetMaxNumPhotonsPerStep(params->GetCerenkovMaxPhotonsPerStep());
SetTrackSecondariesFirst(params->GetCerenkovTrackSecondariesFirst());
SetStackPhotons(params->GetCerenkovStackPhotons());
SetVerboseLevel(params->GetCerenkovVerboseLevel());
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4bool G4Cerenkov::IsApplicable(const G4ParticleDefinition& aParticleType)
{
return ((aParticleType.GetPDGCharge() != 0.0 &&
aParticleType.GetPDGMass() != 0.0 &&
!aParticleType.IsShortLived()) ||
aParticleType.GetParticleName() == "unknown");
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
void G4Cerenkov::BuildPhysicsTable(const G4ParticleDefinition&)
{
if(thePhysicsTable)
return;
const G4MaterialTable* theMaterialTable = G4Material::GetMaterialTable();
std::size_t numOfMaterials = G4Material::GetNumberOfMaterials();
// Find the number of materials that have non-empty material property tables
std::size_t numOfMaterialsWithMPT = 0;
for(std::size_t i = 0; i < numOfMaterials; ++i)
{
if(((*theMaterialTable)[i])->GetMaterialPropertiesTable())
{
++numOfMaterialsWithMPT;
}
}
thePhysicsTable = new G4PhysicsTable(numOfMaterialsWithMPT);
// loop over materials
std::size_t indexMPT = 0;
for(std::size_t i = 0; i < numOfMaterials; ++i)
{
G4PhysicsFreeVector* cerenkovIntegral = nullptr;
// Retrieve vector of refraction indices for the material
// from the material's optical properties table
G4Material* aMaterial = (*theMaterialTable)[i];
G4MaterialPropertiesTable* MPT = aMaterial->GetMaterialPropertiesTable();
if(MPT)
{
cerenkovIntegral = new G4PhysicsFreeVector();
G4MaterialPropertyVector* refractiveIndex = MPT->GetProperty(kRINDEX);
if(refractiveIndex)
{
// Retrieve the first refraction index in vector
// of (photon energy, refraction index) pairs
G4double currentRI = (*refractiveIndex)[0];
if(currentRI > 1.0)
{
// Create first (photon energy, Cerenkov Integral) pair
G4double currentPM = refractiveIndex->Energy(0);
G4double currentCAI = 0.0;
cerenkovIntegral->InsertValues(currentPM, currentCAI);
// Set previous values to current ones prior to loop
G4double prevPM = currentPM;
G4double prevCAI = currentCAI;
G4double prevRI = currentRI;
// loop over all (photon energy, refraction index)
// pairs stored for this material
for(std::size_t ii = 1; ii < refractiveIndex->GetVectorLength(); ++ii)
{
currentRI = (*refractiveIndex)[ii];
currentPM = refractiveIndex->Energy(ii);
currentCAI = prevCAI + (currentPM - prevPM) * 0.5 *
(1.0 / (prevRI * prevRI) +
1.0 / (currentRI * currentRI));
cerenkovIntegral->InsertValues(currentPM, currentCAI);
prevPM = currentPM;
prevCAI = currentCAI;
prevRI = currentRI;
}
}
}
// The Cerenkov integral for a given material will be inserted in
// thePhysicsTable according to the position of the material in
// the material table.
thePhysicsTable->insertAt(indexMPT, cerenkovIntegral);
fIndexMPT.insert(std::make_pair(i, indexMPT));
++indexMPT;
}
}
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4VParticleChange* G4Cerenkov::PostStepDoIt(const G4Track& aTrack,
const G4Step& aStep)
// This routine is called for each tracking Step of a charged particle
// in a radiator. A Poisson-distributed number of photons is generated
// according to the Cerenkov formula, distributed evenly along the track
// segment and uniformly azimuth w.r.t. the particle direction. The
// parameters are then transformed into the Master Reference System, and
// they are added to the particle change.
{
aParticleChange.Initialize(aTrack);
const G4DynamicParticle* aParticle = aTrack.GetDynamicParticle();
const G4Material* aMaterial = aTrack.GetMaterial();
G4StepPoint* pPreStepPoint = aStep.GetPreStepPoint();
G4StepPoint* pPostStepPoint = aStep.GetPostStepPoint();
G4ThreeVector x0 = pPreStepPoint->GetPosition();
G4ThreeVector p0 = aStep.GetDeltaPosition().unit();
G4double t0 = pPreStepPoint->GetGlobalTime();
G4MaterialPropertiesTable* MPT = aMaterial->GetMaterialPropertiesTable();
if(!MPT)
return pParticleChange;
G4MaterialPropertyVector* Rindex = MPT->GetProperty(kRINDEX);
if(!Rindex)
return pParticleChange;
G4double charge = aParticle->GetDefinition()->GetPDGCharge();
G4double beta1 = pPreStepPoint->GetBeta();
G4double beta2 = pPostStepPoint->GetBeta();
G4double beta = (beta1 + beta2) * 0.5;
G4double MeanNumberOfPhotons =
GetAverageNumberOfPhotons(charge, beta, aMaterial, Rindex);
G4double MeanNumberOfPhotons1 =
GetAverageNumberOfPhotons(charge, beta1, aMaterial, Rindex);
G4double MeanNumberOfPhotons2 =
GetAverageNumberOfPhotons(charge, beta2, aMaterial, Rindex);
if(MeanNumberOfPhotons <= 0.0)
{
// return unchanged particle and no secondaries
aParticleChange.SetNumberOfSecondaries(0);
return pParticleChange;
}
MeanNumberOfPhotons *= aStep.GetStepLength();
fNumPhotons = (G4int) G4Poisson(MeanNumberOfPhotons);
// third condition added to prevent infinite loop in do-while below,
// see bugzilla 2555
if(fNumPhotons <= 0 || !fStackingFlag ||
std::max(MeanNumberOfPhotons1, MeanNumberOfPhotons2) < 1e-15)
{
// return unchanged particle and no secondaries
aParticleChange.SetNumberOfSecondaries(0);
return pParticleChange;
}
G4double deltaVelocity = pPostStepPoint->GetVelocity() -
pPreStepPoint->GetVelocity();
auto touchableHandle = aStep.GetPreStepPoint()->GetTouchableHandle();
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
aParticleChange.SetNumberOfSecondaries(fNumPhotons);
if(fTrackSecondariesFirst)
{
if(aTrack.GetTrackStatus() == fAlive)
aParticleChange.ProposeTrackStatus(fSuspend);
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
G4double Pmin = Rindex->Energy(0);
G4double Pmax = Rindex->GetMaxEnergy();
G4double dp = Pmax - Pmin;
G4double deltaNumberOfPhotons = MeanNumberOfPhotons1 - MeanNumberOfPhotons2;
G4double maxNumberOfPhotons =
std::max(MeanNumberOfPhotons1, MeanNumberOfPhotons2);
G4double nMax = Rindex->GetMaxValue();
G4double BetaInverse = 1. / beta;
G4double maxCos = BetaInverse / nMax;
G4double maxSin2 = 1.0 - maxCos * maxCos;
for(G4int i = 0; i < fNumPhotons; ++i)
{
// Determine photon energy
G4double rand;
G4double sampledEnergy;
G4double cosTheta, sin2Theta;
// sample an energy
do
{
rand = G4UniformRand();
sampledEnergy = Pmin + rand * dp;
cosTheta = BetaInverse / Rindex->Value(sampledEnergy);
sin2Theta = 1.0 - cosTheta * cosTheta;
rand = G4UniformRand();
// Loop checking, 07-Aug-2015, Vladimir Ivanchenko
} while(rand * maxSin2 > sin2Theta);
// Create photon momentum direction vector. The momentum direction is still
// with respect to the coordinate system where the primary particle
// direction is aligned with the z axis
rand = G4UniformRand();
G4double phi = twopi * rand;
G4double sinPhi = std::sin(phi);
G4double cosPhi = std::cos(phi);
G4double sinTheta = std::sqrt(sin2Theta);
G4ParticleMomentum photonMomentum(sinTheta * cosPhi, sinTheta * sinPhi,
cosTheta);
// Rotate momentum direction back to global reference system
photonMomentum.rotateUz(p0);
// Determine polarization of new photon
G4ThreeVector photonPolarization(cosTheta * cosPhi, cosTheta * sinPhi,
-sinTheta);
// Rotate back to original coord system
photonPolarization.rotateUz(p0);
// Generate a new photon:
auto aCerenkovPhoton =
new G4DynamicParticle(G4OpticalPhoton::OpticalPhoton(), photonMomentum);
aCerenkovPhoton->SetPolarization(photonPolarization);
aCerenkovPhoton->SetKineticEnergy(sampledEnergy);
G4double NumberOfPhotons;
do
{
rand = G4UniformRand();
NumberOfPhotons = MeanNumberOfPhotons1 - rand * deltaNumberOfPhotons;
// Loop checking, 07-Aug-2015, Vladimir Ivanchenko
} while(G4UniformRand() * maxNumberOfPhotons > NumberOfPhotons);
G4double delta = rand * aStep.GetStepLength();
G4double deltaTime =
delta / (pPreStepPoint->GetVelocity() + rand * deltaVelocity * 0.5);
G4double aSecondaryTime = t0 + deltaTime;
G4ThreeVector aSecondaryPosition = x0 + rand * aStep.GetDeltaPosition();
// Generate new G4Track object:
G4Track* aSecondaryTrack =
new G4Track(aCerenkovPhoton, aSecondaryTime, aSecondaryPosition);
aSecondaryTrack->SetTouchableHandle(touchableHandle);
aSecondaryTrack->SetParentID(aTrack.GetTrackID());
aSecondaryTrack->SetCreatorModelID(secID);
aParticleChange.AddSecondary(aSecondaryTrack);
}
if(verboseLevel > 1)
{
G4cout << "\n Exiting from G4Cerenkov::DoIt -- NumberOfSecondaries = "
<< aParticleChange.GetNumberOfSecondaries() << G4endl;
}
return pParticleChange;
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
void G4Cerenkov::PreparePhysicsTable(const G4ParticleDefinition&)
{
Initialise();
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4double G4Cerenkov::GetMeanFreePath(const G4Track&, G4double,
G4ForceCondition*)
{
return DBL_MAX;
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4double G4Cerenkov::PostStepGetPhysicalInteractionLength(
const G4Track& aTrack, G4double, G4ForceCondition* condition)
{
*condition = NotForced;
G4double StepLimit = DBL_MAX;
if (aTrack.GetDynamicParticle()->GetCharge() == 0.0) {
return StepLimit;
}
fNumPhotons = 0;
const G4Material* aMaterial = aTrack.GetMaterial();
std::size_t materialIndex = aMaterial->GetIndex();
// If Physics Vector is not defined no Cerenkov photons
const G4MaterialTable* materialTable = G4Material::GetMaterialTable();
auto const MPT =
((*materialTable)[materialIndex])->GetMaterialPropertiesTable();
if (nullptr == MPT) {
return StepLimit;
}
const G4DynamicParticle* aParticle = aTrack.GetDynamicParticle();
const G4MaterialCutsCouple* couple = aTrack.GetMaterialCutsCouple();
G4double kineticEnergy = aParticle->GetKineticEnergy();
const G4ParticleDefinition* particleType = aParticle->GetDefinition();
G4double mass = particleType->GetPDGMass();
G4double beta = aParticle->GetTotalMomentum() / aParticle->GetTotalEnergy();
G4double gamma = aParticle->GetTotalEnergy() / mass;
G4MaterialPropertiesTable* aMaterialPropertiesTable =
aMaterial->GetMaterialPropertiesTable();
G4MaterialPropertyVector* Rindex = nullptr;
if(aMaterialPropertiesTable)
Rindex = aMaterialPropertiesTable->GetProperty(kRINDEX);
G4double nMax;
if(Rindex)
{
nMax = Rindex->GetMaxValue();
}
else
{
return StepLimit;
}
G4double BetaMin = 1. / nMax;
if(BetaMin >= 1.)
return StepLimit;
G4double GammaMin = 1. / std::sqrt(1. - BetaMin * BetaMin);
if(gamma < GammaMin)
return StepLimit;
G4double kinEmin = mass * (GammaMin - 1.);
G4double RangeMin =
G4LossTableManager::Instance()->GetRange(particleType, kinEmin, couple);
G4double Range = G4LossTableManager::Instance()->GetRange(
particleType, kineticEnergy, couple);
G4double Step = Range - RangeMin;
// If the step is smaller than G4ThreeVector::getTolerance(), it may happen
// that the particle does not move. See bug 1992.
static const G4double minAllowedStep = G4ThreeVector::getTolerance();
if(Step < minAllowedStep)
return StepLimit;
if(Step < StepLimit)
StepLimit = Step;
// If user has defined an average maximum number of photons to be generated in
// a Step, then calculate the Step length for that number of photons.
if(fMaxPhotons > 0)
{
const G4double charge = aParticle->GetDefinition()->GetPDGCharge();
G4double MeanNumberOfPhotons =
GetAverageNumberOfPhotons(charge, beta, aMaterial, Rindex);
Step = 0.;
if(MeanNumberOfPhotons > 0.0)
Step = fMaxPhotons / MeanNumberOfPhotons;
if(Step > 0. && Step < StepLimit)
StepLimit = Step;
}
// If user has defined an maximum allowed change in beta per step
if(fMaxBetaChange > 0.)
{
G4double dedx = G4LossTableManager::Instance()->GetDEDX(
particleType, kineticEnergy, couple);
G4double deltaGamma =
gamma - 1. / std::sqrt(1. - beta * beta * (1. - fMaxBetaChange) *
(1. - fMaxBetaChange));
Step = mass * deltaGamma / dedx;
if(Step > 0. && Step < StepLimit)
StepLimit = Step;
}
*condition = StronglyForced;
return StepLimit;
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4double G4Cerenkov::GetAverageNumberOfPhotons(
const G4double charge, const G4double beta, const G4Material* aMaterial,
G4MaterialPropertyVector* Rindex) const
// This routine computes the number of Cerenkov photons produced per
// Geant4-unit (millimeter) in the current medium.
{
constexpr G4double Rfact = 369.81 / (eV * cm);
if(beta <= 0.0)
return 0.0;
G4double BetaInverse = 1. / beta;
// Vectors used in computation of Cerenkov Angle Integral:
// - Refraction Indices for the current material
// - new G4PhysicsFreeVector allocated to hold CAI's
std::size_t materialIndex = aMaterial->GetIndex();
// Retrieve the Cerenkov Angle Integrals for this material
auto it = fIndexMPT.find(materialIndex);
std::size_t indexMPT = 0;
if(it != fIndexMPT.end())
{
indexMPT = it->second;
}
else
{
G4ExceptionDescription ed;
ed << "G4MaterialPropertiesTable for " << aMaterial->GetName()
<< " is not found!" << G4endl;
G4Exception("G4Cerenkov::GetAverageNumberOfPhotons", "Cerenkov01",
FatalException, ed);
}
G4PhysicsVector* CerenkovAngleIntegrals = ((*thePhysicsTable)(indexMPT));
std::size_t length = CerenkovAngleIntegrals->GetVectorLength();
if(0 == length)
return 0.0;
// Min and Max photon energies
G4double Pmin = Rindex->Energy(0);
G4double Pmax = Rindex->GetMaxEnergy();
// Min and Max Refraction Indices
G4double nMin = Rindex->GetMinValue();
G4double nMax = Rindex->GetMaxValue();
// Max Cerenkov Angle Integral
G4double CAImax = (*CerenkovAngleIntegrals)[length - 1];
G4double dp, ge;
// If n(Pmax) < 1/Beta -- no photons generated
if(nMax < BetaInverse)
{
dp = 0.0;
ge = 0.0;
}
// otherwise if n(Pmin) >= 1/Beta -- photons generated
else if(nMin > BetaInverse)
{
dp = Pmax - Pmin;
ge = CAImax;
}
// If n(Pmin) < 1/Beta, and n(Pmax) >= 1/Beta, then we need to find a P such
// that the value of n(P) == 1/Beta. Interpolation is performed by the
// GetEnergy() and Value() methods of the G4MaterialPropertiesTable and
// the Value() method of G4PhysicsVector.
else
{
Pmin = Rindex->GetEnergy(BetaInverse);
dp = Pmax - Pmin;
G4double CAImin = CerenkovAngleIntegrals->Value(Pmin);
ge = CAImax - CAImin;
if(verboseLevel > 1)
{
G4cout << "CAImin = " << CAImin << G4endl << "ge = " << ge << G4endl;
}
}
// Calculate number of photons
G4double NumPhotons = Rfact * charge / eplus * charge / eplus *
(dp - ge * BetaInverse * BetaInverse);
return NumPhotons;
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
void G4Cerenkov::SetTrackSecondariesFirst(const G4bool state)
{
fTrackSecondariesFirst = state;
G4OpticalParameters::Instance()->SetCerenkovTrackSecondariesFirst(
fTrackSecondariesFirst);
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
void G4Cerenkov::SetMaxBetaChangePerStep(const G4double value)
{
fMaxBetaChange = value * CLHEP::perCent;
G4OpticalParameters::Instance()->SetCerenkovMaxBetaChange(value);
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
void G4Cerenkov::SetMaxNumPhotonsPerStep(const G4int NumPhotons)
{
fMaxPhotons = NumPhotons;
G4OpticalParameters::Instance()->SetCerenkovMaxPhotonsPerStep(fMaxPhotons);
}
void G4Cerenkov::SetStackPhotons(const G4bool stackingFlag)
{
fStackingFlag = stackingFlag;
G4OpticalParameters::Instance()->SetCerenkovStackPhotons(fStackingFlag);
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
void G4Cerenkov::DumpPhysicsTable() const
{
G4cout << "Dump Physics Table!" << G4endl;
for(std::size_t i = 0; i < thePhysicsTable->entries(); ++i)
{
(*thePhysicsTable)[i]->DumpValues();
}
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
void G4Cerenkov::SetVerboseLevel(G4int verbose)
{
verboseLevel = verbose;
G4OpticalParameters::Instance()->SetCerenkovVerboseLevel(verboseLevel);
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
void G4Cerenkov::DumpInfo() const
{
ProcessDescription(G4cout);
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......