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geant4/examples/advanced/microbeam/microbeam.htm
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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:20.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:#00CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Geant4
<span class=SpellE>Microbeam</span> Advanced Example<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#FFCC99;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Interface
Physics Biology group<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span lang=IT
style='font-family:Arial;color:#FFCC99;mso-ansi-language:IT'>( <b>S. Incerti</b>*,
O. Boissonnade, C. Habchi, Ph. Moretto, D. T. Nguyen, T. Pouthier, H. Seznec,
Q. Zhang )<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=IT style='font-family:Arial;color:#FFCC99;
mso-ansi-language:IT'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><b><span style='font-family:Arial;color:#FFCC99'>Centre
d’Etudes Nucléaires de <span class=SpellE>Bordeaux-Gradignan</span> (CENBG)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><b><span style='font-family:Arial;color:#FFCC99'>IN2P3
/ CNRS / Bordeaux 1 <span class=SpellE>University</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><b><span style='font-family:Arial;color:#FFCC99'>33175
Gradignan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><b><span style='font-family:Arial;color:#FFCC99'>France<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-family:Arial;color:#FFCC99'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-family:Arial;color:#FFCC99'>* <span
class=SpellE>corresponding</span> <span class=SpellE>author</span> <span
class=SpellE>e-mail</span> : </span><span style='font-family:Arial;color:aqua'><a
href="mailto:incerti@cenbg.in2p3.fr"><span style='color:aqua;text-decoration:
none;text-underline:none'>incerti@cenbg.in2p3.fr</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-family:Arial;
color:white'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-family:Arial;
color:white'><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>                                                                     
</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span style='font-family:
Arial;color:#66CCFF'>INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-family:Arial;
color:white'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span class=SpellE><span
style='font-family:Arial;color:white'>The</span></span><span style='font-family:
Arial;color:white'> <span class=SpellE>microbeam</span> <span class=SpellE>example</span>
<span class=SpellE>simulates</span> <span class=SpellE>the</span> <span
class=SpellE>microbeam</span> cellular irradiation <span class=SpellE>beam</span>
line <span class=SpellE>installed</span> on <span class=SpellE>the</span>
AIFIRA <span class=SpellE>electrostatic</span> <span class=SpellE>accelerator</span>
<span class=SpellE>facility</span> <span class=SpellE>located</span> <span
class=SpellE>at</span> CENBG, <span class=SpellE>Bordeaux-Gradignan</span>,
France. </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>This setup is mainly used to investigate the effects
of low dose irradiation on living cells. The <span class=SpellE>microbeam</span>
line allows </span><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>irradiation of</span></b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> </span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>individual
biological living cells</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;
color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> in culture medium in single ion mode,
with an </span><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>exact control of the delivered dose to a particular
cell</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> among the cell population. This Geant4 example
simulates the <span class=SpellE>microbeam</span> line in a configuration of
irradiation with 3 MeV incident alpha particles and allows the calculation of
the dose deposited by the incident particles in the cell cytoplasm and in the
cell nucleus, which are inaccessible by experimental measurements. For the
first time in </span><st1:place><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;
color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Monte Carlo</span></st1:place><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> <span
class=SpellE>microdosimetry</span>, the simulation includes a realistic cell
phantom obtained from <span class=SpellE>confocal</span> microscopy. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>For more
information on this irradiation facility, please <span class=GramE>visit :</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
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style='font-family:Arial;color:aqua;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><a
href="http://www.cenbg.in2p3.fr/"><span style='color:aqua;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>http://www.cenbg.in2p3.fr</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Schematic view
of the CENBG five AIFIRA beam <span class=GramE>lines&nbsp;:</span> <br>
the <span class=SpellE>microbeam</span> line is located at 10° from the main
exit of the switching magnet (© CENBG)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>View of the
CENBG <span class=SpellE>microbeam</span> line (© CENBG)</span><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
tab-stops:right 16.0cm;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
tab-stops:right 16.0cm;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#66CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>SIMULATED SETUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
tab-stops:right 16.0cm;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
tab-stops:right 16.0cm;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>The beam
is emitted just before the 10° switching magnet taking into account
experimental beam parameters <span class=GramE>measurements ;</span> the main
elements simulated are :<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>1. A </span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>switching
dipole magnet</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> with fringing field, to deflect by 10° the 3 MeV
alpha beam generated by the electrostatic accelerator into the <span
class=SpellE>microbeam</span> line, oriented at 10 degrees from the main beam
direction;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>2. A </span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>circular
object collimator</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;
color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>, defining the incident beam size at the <span
class=SpellE>microbeam</span> line entrance; the collimator has been simulated
from realistic electron microscopy images;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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none;text-autospace:none'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:182.25pt;height:200.25pt;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text' o:allowoverlap="f">
<v:imagedata src="microbeam_fichiers/image015.emz" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=243 height=267
src="microbeam_fichiers/image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027"><![endif]></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Collimator geometry implemented in Geant4 as embedded
cones </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>3. A </span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>quadrupole
based magnetic symmetric focusing system</span></b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> allowing equal
transverse demagnifications of 10. Fringe fields are calculated from Enge’s
model.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:457.5pt;height:235.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="microbeam_fichiers/image007.jpg" o:title="beam" cropleft="1038f"
chromakey="white" gain="45875f" blacklevel=".5" grayscale="t" bilevel="t"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=610 height=314
src="microbeam_fichiers/image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028"><![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Geant4 fine
ray-tracing of beam profile inside the focusing quadruplet in both horizontal
and transverse planes, showing the beam focus point.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>4. A dedicated </span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>cellular
irradiation chamber setup</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;
color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>, taking into account all the elements
encountered by the incident beam (diaphragm, gas detector, <span class=SpellE>isobutane</span>,
beam extraction window, air, culture foil, culture medium, cell dish…) ;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>5. A set of
horizontal and vertical </span><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;
color:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>electrostatic deflecting plates</span></b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> which
can be turned on or off to deflect the beam on target; <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>6. A </span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>realistic
human <span class=SpellE>keratinocyte</span> <span class=SpellE>voxellized</span>
cell</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> observed from confocal microscopy and taking into
account realistic nucleus and cytoplasm chemical compositions. The phantom uses
the G4PVParameterised class.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:195.75pt;height:267.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="microbeam_fichiers/image009.jpg" o:title="24h" croptop="10627f"
cropbottom="7872f" cropleft="14295f" cropright="12755f"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=261 height=357
src="microbeam_fichiers/image010.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029"><![endif]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span class=SpellE><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Confocal</span></span><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>
microscopy image of a HaCat cell showing the cytoplasm (red) and the nucleus
(purple) <br>
© CENBG<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
style='mso-tab-count:2'>                        </span></span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:323.25pt;height:321.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="microbeam_fichiers/image011.png" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=431 height=429
src="microbeam_fichiers/image012.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030"><![endif]><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span class=GramE><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Corresponding
Geant4 phantom showing four incident alpha particles penetrating the cell.</span></span><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> <br>
The phantom is made of voxels with a size of 489 nm (X) x 489 nm (Y) x 163 nm
(Z). <br>
Approximately 4x10<sup>4</sup> <span class=SpellE>voxels</span> are shown.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#66CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>PHYSICS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Low energy
electromagnetic</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> processes (for alphas, electrons, photons) and </span><span
class=SpellE><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>hadronic</span></b></span><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> elastic and
inelastic scattering</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;
color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> for alphas are activated by default. Low
energy electromagnetic electronic and nuclear stopping <span class=GramE>power
are</span> computed from ICRU tables.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#66CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>CODE DESIGN<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#66CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>The <span
class=SpellE>Microbeam</span> code design obtained from the Rational Rose
software is shown below.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#66CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:644.25pt;height:485.25pt;mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text' o:allowoverlap="f">
<v:imagedata src="microbeam_fichiers/image016.emz" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=859 height=647
src="microbeam_fichiers/image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031"><![endif]><span
lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB style='mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:
Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Rational Rose class diagram of the
<span class=SpellE>Microbeam</span> example.</span></span><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Manager classes are filled with red and <span
class=SpellE>Microbeam</span> classes are filled with sky blue.</span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#66CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#66CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#66CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#66CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>SUGGESTED
PAPERS ABOUT THIS SIMULATION AND ITS VALIDATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.4pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>&#9658;</span><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CC99FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> <b>GEANT4
SIMULATION OF THE NEW CENBG MICRO AND NANO PROBES FACILITY<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.4pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>By </span><st1:place><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>S.
Incerti</span></st1:place><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;
color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>, C. Habchi, Ph. Moretto, J. Olivier and
H. Seznec<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.4pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>To be
published in </span><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#FF9933;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>NIMB, 2006</span></b><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.4pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.4pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
class=GramE><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB'>&#9658;</span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CC99FF;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> <b>DEVELOPMENT OF A FOCUSED CHARGED PARTICLE
MICROBEAM FOR THE IRRADIATION OF INDIVIDUAL CELLS.</b></span></span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CC99FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.4pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>By Ph.
<span class=SpellE>Barberet</span>, A. <span class=SpellE>Balana</span>, S.
Incerti, C. <span class=SpellE>Michelet-Habchi</span>, Ph. Moretto, Th. <span
class=SpellE>Pouthier</span> (CENBG, <span class=SpellE>Gradignan</span>),. Dec
2004. 6pp. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.4pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Published
in </span><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#FF9933;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Rev.Sci.Instrum.76:015101, 2005<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.4pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.4pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
class=GramE><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:
EN-GB'>&#9658; </span><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CC99FF;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>SIMULATION OF CELLULAR IRRADIATION WITH THE CENBG
MICROBEAM LINE USING GEANT4.</span></b></span><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CC99FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.4pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>By S.
Incerti, Ph. <span class=SpellE>Barberet</span>, R. <span class=SpellE>Villeneuve</span>,
P. <span class=SpellE>Aguer</span>, E. <span class=SpellE>Gontier</span>, C. <span
class=SpellE>Michelet-Habchi</span>, Ph. Moretto, D.T. Nguyen, T. <span
class=SpellE>Pouthier</span>, R.W. Smith (CENBG, <span class=SpellE>Gradignan</span>),.
Oct 2003. 6pp. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.4pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Published
in </span><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#FF9933;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>IEEE Trans.Nucl.Sci.51:1395-1401, 2004</span></b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#FF9933;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.4pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:
inter-ideograph;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:35.4pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;
text-autospace:none'><span class=GramE><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:
Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>&#9658;</span><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CC99FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> <b>SIMULATION
OF ION PROPAGATION IN THE MICROBEAM LINE OF CENBG USING GEANT4.</b></span></span><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><br>
By </span><span style='font-family:Arial;color:white'><a
href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/wwwhepau/wwwscan?rawcmd=fin+%22Incerti,+S.%22"><span
lang=EN-GB style='color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>S. Incerti</span></a></span><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>, </span><span
style='font-family:Arial;color:white'><a
href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/wwwhepau/wwwscan?rawcmd=fin+%22Barberet,+Ph.%22"><span
lang=EN-GB style='color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>Ph. <span class=SpellE>Barberet</span></span></a></span><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>, </span><span
style='font-family:Arial;color:white'><a
href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/wwwhepau/wwwscan?rawcmd=fin+%22Courtois,+B.%22"><span
lang=EN-GB style='color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>B. <span class=SpellE>Courtois</span></span></a></span><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>, </span><span
style='font-family:Arial;color:white'><a
href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/wwwhepau/wwwscan?rawcmd=fin+%22Michelet-Habchi,+C.%22"><span
lang=EN-GB style='color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>C. <span class=SpellE>Michelet-Habchi</span></span></a></span><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>, </span><span
style='font-family:Arial;color:white'><a
href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/wwwhepau/wwwscan?rawcmd=fin+%22Moretto,+Ph.%22"><span
lang=EN-GB style='color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>Ph. <span class=SpellE>Moretto</span></span></a></span><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> (</span><span
style='font-family:Arial;color:white'><a
href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/inst/www?icncp=CENBG,+Gradignan"><span
lang=EN-GB style='color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>CENBG, <span class=SpellE>Gradignan</span></span></a></span><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>),.
Sep 2003. <br>
Published in </span><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#FF9933;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Nucl.Instrum.Meth.B210:92-97<span class=GramE>,2003</span></span></b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#FFCCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#66CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#66CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#66CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>HOW TO INSTALL
AND RUN THE EXAMPLE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Please, look at
the </span><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>README file</span></b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> provided with
the example.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#66CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#66CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>SIMULATION
RESULTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>This example does
not need any external analysis tool. The output consists in several text
(*.txt) files which are created directly in the <span class=SpellE>microbeam</span>
<span class=GramE>directory :</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
text-indent:35.4pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>&#9658;
</span><span class=GramE><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;
color:#CC99FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>dose.txt</span></b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> :</span></span><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> gives
the total deposited dose in the cell nucleus and in the cell cytoplasm for each
incident alpha particle;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
text-indent:35.4pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>&#9658;
</span><span class=GramE><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;
color:#CC99FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>3DDose.txt</span></b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> :</span></span><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> gives
the average dose deposited per <span class=SpellE>voxel</span> per incident
alpha particle;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
text-indent:35.4pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>&#9658;
</span><span class=GramE><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;
color:#CC99FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>range.txt</span></b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> :</span></span><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>
indicates the final stopping (<span class=SpellE>x,y,z</span>) position of the
incident alpha particle within the irradiated medium (cell or culture medium)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
text-indent:35.4pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>&#9658;
</span><span class=GramE><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;
color:#CC99FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>stoppingPower.txt</span></b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> :</span></span><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> gives
the actual stopping power <span class=SpellE>dE/dx</span> of the incident alpha
particle just before penetrating into the targeted cell;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
text-indent:35.4pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
text-indent:35.4pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>&#9658;
</span><span class=GramE><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;
color:#CC99FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>beamPosition.txt</span></b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> :</span></span><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> gives
the beam transverse position distribution (X and Y) just before penetrating
into the targeted cell;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
text-indent:35.4pt;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>These files can
be easily analyzed using the provided </span><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>ROOT macro file</span></b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> </span><span
class=SpellE><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:yellow;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>plot.C</span></b></span><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>. Fore more
details, please refer to the </span><b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:
Arial;color:yellow;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>README file</span></b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>. The
ROOT website is available <span class=GramE>at :</span> </span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:aqua;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><a
href="http://root.cern.ch/"><span style='color:aqua;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>http://root.cern.ch</span></a></span></b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>. The macro gives
the following graphical <span class=GramE>output :</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:691.5pt;height:506.25pt;mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text' o:allowoverlap="f">
<v:imagedata src="microbeam_fichiers/image019.emz" o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=922 height=675
src="microbeam_fichiers/image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032"><![endif]><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Typical
graphical output from the <span class=SpellE><b>plot.C</b></span> macro file
obtained for 2x10<sup>4</sup> incident alpha <span class=GramE>particles :</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>TOP row <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span class=GramE><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>left</span></b></span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>
plot :</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> <i>nucleus <span class=SpellE>voxel</span> intensity
(0-255) distribution, two density zones have been isolated in the simulation</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span class=GramE><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>middle</span></b></span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>
left plot :</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> <i>alpha dose deposit in nucleus</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span class=GramE><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>middle</span></b></span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>
right plot :</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> <i>nucleus <span class=SpellE>voxel</span> intensity
projected on cell transverse section<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span class=GramE><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>right</span></b></span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>
plot :</span></b><i><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> beam transverse (X) position distribution on target.
The sigma of the Gaussian fit is compatible with the measured experimental
value.</span></i><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>MIDDLE row <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span class=GramE><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>left</span></b></span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>
plot :</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> <i>cytoplasm <span class=SpellE>voxel</span>
intensity (0-255) distribution, two density zones have been isolated (one for
pure cytoplasm in red, the other for nucleoli in yellow)</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span class=GramE><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>middle</span></b></span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>
left plot :</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> <i>alpha dose deposit in cytoplasm<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span class=GramE><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>middle</span></b></span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>
right plot :</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> <i>cytoplasm <span class=SpellE>voxel</span>
intensity projected on cell transverse section<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span class=GramE><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>right</span></b></span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>
plot :</span></b><i><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> beam transverse (Y) position distribution on target.
The sigma of the Gaussian fit is compatible with the measured experimental
value.</span></i><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>BOTTOM row <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span class=GramE><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>left</span></b></span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>
plot :</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> <i>beam stopping power <span class=SpellE>dE/dx</span>
distribution at cell entrance<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span class=GramE><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>middle</span></b></span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>
left plot :</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> <i>3D distribution of alpha particle range in cell or
medium<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span class=GramE><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>middle</span></b></span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>
right plot :</span></b><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'> <i>projected mean energy deposit per <span
class=SpellE>voxel</span> (transverse, z axis is in <span class=SpellE>eV</span>)<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span class=GramE><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>right</span></b></span><b><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>
plot : </span></b><i><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>projected mean energy deposit per <span class=SpellE>voxel</span>
(longitudinal, z axis is in <span class=SpellE>eV</span>).</span></i><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;tab-stops:right 16.0cm;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#CCFFCC;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>The
simulation predicts that 95% of the incident alpha particles detected by the
gas detector are located within a circle of 10 µm in diameter on the target, in
nice agreement with experimental measurements performed on the CENBG setup.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#66CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>FUTURE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Running this
example requires a large amount of memory and CPU time. Decrease of memory use and
acceleration of navigation could be investigated using nested parameterization.
Microdosimetry with other geometries like tissues will be investigated.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#66CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><b><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:#66CCFF;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>CONTACT<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Should you have
any enquiry, please do not hesitate to contact the corresponding <span
class=GramE>author :</span> </span><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;
color:aqua;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><a href="mailto:incerti@cenbg.in2p3.fr"><span
style='color:aqua;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'>incerti@cenbg.in2p3.fr</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right;mso-layout-grid-align:
none;text-autospace:none'><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;
mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>Last modified by </span><st1:place><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>S. Incerti</span></st1:place><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>, </span><st1:date
Month="4" Day="10" Year="2006"><span lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;
color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'>10/04/2006</span></st1:date><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-family:Arial;color:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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