$Id: README,v 1.13 2007/11/13 11:31:54 maire Exp $
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Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
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fanoCavity
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This program computes the dose deposited in an ionization chamber by a
monoenergetic photon beam.
The geometry of the chamber satisfies the conditions of charged particle
equilibrium. Hence, under idealized conditions, the ratio of the dose
deposited over the beam energy fluence must be equal to the
mass_energy_transfer coefficient of the wall material.
E.Poon and al, Phys. Med. Biol. 50 (2005) 681
I.Kawrakow, Med. Phys. 27-3 (2000) 499
1- GEOMETRY
The chamber is modelized as a cylinder with a cavity in it.
6 parameters define the geometry :
- the material of the wall of the chamber
- the radius of the chamber and the thickness of the wall
- the material of the cavity
- the radius and the thickness of the cavity
Wall and cavity must be made of the same material, but with different
density
All above parameters can be redifined via the UI commands built in
DetectorMessenger class
-----------------
| |
| wall |
| ----- |
| | | |
| | <-+-----+--- cavity
------> | | | |
------> | | | |
beam -------------------------------- cylinder axis
------> | | | |
------> | | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| ----- |
| |
| |
-----------------
2- BEAM
Monoenergetic incident photon beam is uniformly distribued, perpendicular
to the flat end of the chamber. The beam radius can be controled with an
UI command built in PrimaryGeneratorMessenger; the default is full wall
chamber radius.
Beam regeneration : after each Compton interaction, the scattered photon is
reset to its initial state, energy and direction. Consequently, interaction
sites are uniformly distribued within the wall material.
This modification must be done in the ParticleChange of the final state
of the Compton scattering interaction. Therefore, a specific model
(MyKleinNishinaCompton) is assigned to the ComptonScattering process in
PhysicsList. MyKleinNishinaCompton inherites from G4KleinNishinaCompton;
only the function SampleSecondaries() is overwritten.
3- PURPOSE OF THE PROGRAM
The program computes the dose deposited in the cavity and the ratio
Dose/Beam_energy_fluence. This ratio is compared to the mass_energy_transfer
coefficient of the wall material.
The mass_energy_transfer coefficient needs :
- the photon total cross section, which is read from the PhysicsTables
by G4EmCalculator (see EndOfRunAction).
- the average kinetic energy of charged secondaries generated in the
wall during the run.
The program needs high statistic to reach precision on the computed dose.
The UI command /testem/event/printModulo allows to survey the convergence of
the kineticEnergy and dose calculations.
In addition, to increase the program efficiency, the secondary particles
which have no chance to reach the cavity are immediately killed (see
StackinAction). This feature can be switched off by an UI command (see
StackingMessenger).
The simplest way to study the effect of e- tracking parameters on dose
deposition is to use the command /testem/stepMax.
4- PHYSICS
The physics list contains the standard electromagnetic processes, with few
modifications listed here.
- Compton scattering : as explained above, the final state is modified in
MyKleinNishinaCompton class.
In order to make the program more efficient, one can increase the Compton
cross section via the function SetCSFactor(factor) and its
associated UI command. Default is factor=1000.
- Bremsstrahlung : Fano conditions imply no energy transfer via
bremsstrahlung radiation. Therefore this process is not registered in the
physics list. However, it is always possible to include it via an UI
command. See PhysicsListMessenger class.
- Ionisation : In order to have same stopping power in wall and cavity, one
must cancel the density correction term in the dedx formula. This is done in
a specific MollerBhabha model (MyMollerBhabhaModel) which inherites from
G4MollerBhabhaModel.
To prevent explicit generation of delta-rays, the default production
threshold (i.e. cut) is set to 10 km (CSDA condition).
The finalRange of the step function is set to 10 um, which more on less
correspond to a tracking cut in water of about 20 keV. See emOptions.
Once again, the above parameters can be controled via UI commands.
- Multiple scattering : is switched in single Coulomb scattering mode near
boundaries. This is selected via EM options in PhysicsList, and can be
controled with UI commands.
- All PhysicsTables are built with 100 bins per decade.
5- HISTOGRAMS
fanoCavity has several predefined 1D histograms :
1 : emission point of e+-
2 : energy spectrum of e+-
3 : theta distribution of e+-
4 : emission point of e+- hitting cavity
5 : energy spectrum of e+- when entering in cavity
6 : theta distribution of e+- before enter in cavity
7 : theta distribution of e+- at first step in cavity
8 : track segment of e+- in cavity
9 : step size of e+- in wall
10 : step size of e+- in cavity
11 : energy deposit in cavity per track
The histograms are managed by the HistoManager class and its Messenger.
The histos can be individually activated with the command :
/testem/histo/setHisto id nbBins valMin valMax unit
where unit is the desired unit for the histo (MeV or keV, deg or mrad, etc..)
One can control the name of the histograms file with the command:
/testem/histo/setFileName name (default fanoCavity)
It is possible to choose the format of the histogram file (hbook, root, XML)
with the command /testem/histo/setFileType (hbook by default)
It is also possible to print selected histograms on an ascii file:
/testem/histo/printHisto id
All selected histos will be written on a file name.ascii (default fanocavity)
Note that, by default, histograms are disabled. To activate them, uncomment
the flag G4ANALYSIS_USE in GNUmakefile.
6- HOW TO START ?
- compile and link to generate an executable
% cd geant4/examples/extended/medical/fanoCavity
% gmake
- execute fanoCavity in 'batch' mode from macro files
% fanoCavity run01.mac
- execute fanoCavity in 'interactive mode' with visualization
% fanoCavity
....
Idle> type your commands
....
Idle> exit
7- USING HISTOGRAMS
To use histograms, at least one of the AIDA implementations should be
available (see http://aida.freehep.org).
8a - PI
A package including AIDA and extended interfaces also using Python is PI,
available from: http://cern.ch/pi
Once installed PI or PI-Lite in a specified local area $MYPY, it is required
to add the installation path to $PATH, i.e. for example, for release 1.2.1 of
PI:
setenv PATH ${PATH}:$MYPI/1.2.1/app/releases/PI/PI_1_2_1/rh73_gcc32/bin
CERN users can use the PATH to the LCG area on AFS.
Before running the example the command should be issued:
eval `aida-config --runtime csh`
8b - OpenScientist
OpenScientist is available at http://OpenScientist.lal.in2p3.fr.
You have to "setup" the OpenScientist AIDA implementation before compiling
(then with G4ANALYSIS_USE set) and running your Geant4 application.
On UNIX you setup, with a csh flavoured shell :
csh> source <<OpenScientist install path>/aida-setup.csh
or with a sh flavoured shell :
sh> . <<OpenScientist install path>/aida-setup.sh
On Windows :
DOS> call <<OpenScientist install path>/aida-setup.bat
You can use various file formats for writing (AIDA-XML, hbook, root).
These formats are readable by the Lab onx interactive program
or the OpenPAW application. See the web pages.
With OpenPAW, on a run.hbook file, one can view the histograms
with something like :
OS> opaw
opaw> h/file 1 run.hbook ( or opaw> h/file 1 run.aida or run.root)
opaw> zone 2 2
opaw> h/plot 1
opaw> h/plot 2
Gabriele Cosmo