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geant4/examples/extended/medical/DICOM/src/DicomHandler.cc
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2016-06-09 15:37:50 +02:00

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//
// ********************************************************************
// * License and Disclaimer *
// * *
// * The Geant4 software is copyright of the Copyright Holders of *
// * the Geant4 Collaboration. It is provided under the terms and *
// * conditions of the Geant4 Software License, included in the file *
// * LICENSE and available at http://cern.ch/geant4/license . These *
// * include a list of copyright holders. *
// * *
// * Neither the authors of this software system, nor their employing *
// * institutes,nor the agencies providing financial support for this *
// * work make any representation or warranty, express or implied, *
// * regarding this software system or assume any liability for its *
// * use. Please see the license in the file LICENSE and URL above *
// * for the full disclaimer and the limitation of liability. *
// * *
// * This code implementation is the result of the scientific and *
// * technical work of the GEANT4 collaboration. *
// * By using, copying, modifying or distributing the software (or *
// * any work based on the software) you agree to acknowledge its *
// * use in resulting scientific publications, and indicate your *
// * acceptance of all terms of the Geant4 Software license. *
// ********************************************************************
//
// The code was written by :
// *Louis Archambault louis.archambault@phy.ulaval.ca,
// *Luc Beaulieu beaulieu@phy.ulaval.ca
// +Vincent Hubert-Tremblay at tigre.2@sympatico.ca
//
//
// *Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec (CHUQ),
// Hotel-Dieu de Quebec, departement de Radio-oncologie
// 11 cote du palais. Quebec, QC, Canada, G1R 2J6
// tel (418) 525-4444 #6720
// fax (418) 691 5268
//
// + Universit.A Laval, Qubec (QC) Canada
//*******************************************************
//
//*******************************************************
//
//*******************************************************
//
// DicomHandler.cc :
// - Handling of DICM images
// - Reading headers and pixels
// - Transforming pixel to density and creating *.g4dcm
// files
// - Definitions are in DicomHandler.hh
//*******************************************************
#include "DicomHandler.hh"
#include "globals.hh"
#include "G4ios.hh"
#include <fstream>
#include <cctype>
#include <cstring>
DicomHandler::DicomHandler()
: DATABUFFSIZE(8192), LINEBUFFSIZE(128), FILENAMESIZE(512),
compression(0), nFiles(0), rows(0), columns(0),
bitAllocated(0), maxPixelValue(0), minPixelValue(0),
pixelSpacingX(0.), pixelSpacingY(0.),
sliceThickness(0.), sliceLocation(0.),
rescaleIntercept(0), rescaleSlope(0),
littleEndian(true), implicitEndian(false),
pixelRepresentation(0) {
;
}
DicomHandler::~DicomHandler() {
;
}
G4int DicomHandler::ReadFile(FILE *dicom, char * filename2)
{
G4cout << " ReadFile " << filename2 << G4endl;
G4int returnvalue = 0;
char * buffer = new char[LINEBUFFSIZE];
implicitEndian = false;
littleEndian = true;
std::fread( buffer, 1, 128, dicom ); // The first 128 bytes
//are not important
// Reads the "DICOM" letters
std::fread( buffer, 1, 4, dicom );
// if there is no preamble, the FILE pointer is rewinded.
if(std::strncmp("DICM", buffer, 4) != 0) {
std::fseek(dicom, 0, SEEK_SET);
implicitEndian = true;
}
short readGroupId; // identify the kind of input data
short readElementId; // identify a particular type information
short elementLength2; // deal with element length in 2 bytes
G4int elementLength4; // deal with element length in 4 bytes
char * data = new char[DATABUFFSIZE];
// Read information up to the pixel data
while(true) {
//Reading groups and elements :
readGroupId = 0;
readElementId = 0;
// group ID
std::fread(buffer, 2, 1, dicom);
GetValue(buffer, readGroupId);
// element ID
std::fread(buffer, 2, 1, dicom);
GetValue(buffer, readElementId);
// Creating a tag to be identified afterward
G4int tagDictionary = readGroupId*0x10000 + readElementId;
// VR or element length
std::fread(buffer,2,1,dicom);
GetValue(buffer, elementLength2);
// If value representation (VR) is OB, OW, SQ, UN,
//the next length is 32 bits
if((elementLength2 == 0x424f || // "OB"
elementLength2 == 0x574f || // "OW"
elementLength2 == 0x5153 || // "SQ"
elementLength2 == 0x4e55) && // "UN"
!implicitEndian ) { // explicit VR
std::fread(buffer, 2, 1, dicom); // Skip 2 reserved bytes
// element length
std::fread(buffer, 4, 1, dicom);
GetValue(buffer, elementLength4);
// beginning of the pixels
if(tagDictionary == 0x7FE00010) break;
// Reading the information with data
std::fread(data, elementLength4,1,dicom);
} else { // length is 16 bits :
if(!implicitEndian || readGroupId == 2) {
// element length (2 bytes)
std::fread(buffer, 2, 1, dicom);
GetValue(buffer, elementLength2);
elementLength4 = elementLength2;
} else {
// element length (4 bytes)
if(std::fseek(dicom, -2, SEEK_CUR) != 0) {
G4cerr << "[DicomHandler] fseek failed" << G4endl;
exit(-10);
}
std::fread(buffer, 4, 1, dicom);
GetValue(buffer, elementLength4);
}
// beginning of the pixels
if(tagDictionary == 0x7FE00010) break;
std::fread(data, elementLength4, 1, dicom);
}
// NULL termination
data[elementLength4] = '\0';
// analyzing information
GetInformation(tagDictionary, data);
}
// Creating files to store information
std::ofstream foutG4DCM;
G4String fnameG4DCM = G4String(filename2) + ".g4dcm";
foutG4DCM.open(fnameG4DCM);
G4cout << " opened fnameG4DCM file " << fnameG4DCM << G4endl;
foutG4DCM << fMaterialIndices.size() << G4endl;
//--- Write materials
size_t ii = 0;
std::map<G4double,G4String>::const_iterator ite;
for( ite = fMaterialIndices.begin(); ite != fMaterialIndices.end(); ite++, ii++ ){
foutG4DCM << ii << " " << (*ite).second << G4endl;
}
//--- Write number of voxels (assume only one voxel in Z)
foutG4DCM << rows/compression << " " << columns/compression << " 1 " << G4endl;
//--- Write minimum and maximum extensions
foutG4DCM << -pixelSpacingX*rows/2 << " " << pixelSpacingX*rows/2 << G4endl;
foutG4DCM << -pixelSpacingY*columns/2 << " " << pixelSpacingY*columns/2 << G4endl;
foutG4DCM << sliceLocation-sliceThickness/2. << " " << sliceLocation+sliceThickness/2. << G4endl;
ReadData( dicom, filename2 );
StoreData( foutG4DCM );
foutG4DCM.close();
//
delete [] buffer;
delete [] data;
return returnvalue;
}
//
void DicomHandler::GetInformation(G4int & tagDictionary, char * data) {
if(tagDictionary == 0x00280010 ) { // Number of Rows
GetValue(data, rows);
std::printf("[0x00280010] Rows -> %i\n",rows);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280011 ) { // Number of columns
GetValue(data, columns);
std::printf("[0x00280011] Columns -> %i\n",columns);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280102 ) { // High bits ( not used )
short highBits;
GetValue(data, highBits);
std::printf("[0x00280102] High bits -> %i\n",highBits);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280100 ) { // Bits allocated
GetValue(data, bitAllocated);
std::printf("[0x00280100] Bits allocated -> %i\n", bitAllocated);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280101 ) { // Bits stored ( not used )
short bitStored;
GetValue(data, bitStored);
std::printf("[0x00280101] Bits stored -> %i\n",bitStored);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280106 ) { // Min. pixel value
GetValue(data, minPixelValue);
std::printf("[0x00280106] Min. pixel value -> %i\n", minPixelValue);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280107 ) { // Max. pixel value
GetValue(data, maxPixelValue);
std::printf("[0x00280107] Max. pixel value -> %i\n", maxPixelValue);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00281053) { // Rescale slope
rescaleSlope = atoi(data);
std::printf("[0x00281053] Rescale Slope -> %d\n", rescaleSlope);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00281052 ) { // Rescalse intercept
rescaleIntercept = atoi(data);
std::printf("[0x00281052] Rescale Intercept -> %d\n", rescaleIntercept );
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280103 ) {
// Pixel representation ( functions not design to read signed bits )
pixelRepresentation = atoi(data); // 0: unsigned 1: signed
std::printf("[0x00280103] Pixel Representation -> %i\n", pixelRepresentation);
if(pixelRepresentation == 1 ) {
std::printf("### PIXEL REPRESENTATION = 1, BITS ARE SIGNED, ");
std::printf("DICOM READING SCAN FOR UNSIGNED VALUE, POSSIBLE ");
std::printf("ERROR !!!!!! -> \n");
}
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00080006 ) { // Modality
std::printf("[0x00080006] Modality -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00080070 ) { // Manufacturer
std::printf("[0x00080070] Manufacturer -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00080080 ) { // Institution Name
std::printf("[0x00080080] Institution Name -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00080081 ) { // Institution Address
std::printf("[0x00080081] Institution Address -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00081040 ) { // Institution Department Name
std::printf("[0x00081040] Institution Department Name -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00081090 ) { // Manufacturer's Model Name
std::printf("[0x00081090] Manufacturer's Model Name -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00181000 ) { // Device Serial Number
std::printf("[0x00181000] Device Serial Number -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00080008 ) { // Image type ( not used )
std::printf("[0x00080008] Image Types -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00283000 ) { // Modality LUT Sequence ( not used )
std::printf("[0x00283000] Modality LUT Sequence SQ 1 -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00283002 ) { // LUT Descriptor ( not used )
std::printf("[0x00283002] LUT Descriptor US or SS 3 -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00283003 ) { // LUT Explanation ( not used )
std::printf("[0x00283003] LUT Explanation LO 1 -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00283004 ) { // Modality LUT ( not used )
std::printf("[0x00283004] Modality LUT Type LO 1 -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00283006 ) { // LUT Data ( not used )
std::printf("[0x00283006] LUT Data US or SS -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00283010 ) { // VOI LUT ( not used )
std::printf("[0x00283010] VOI LUT Sequence SQ 1 -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280120 ) { // Pixel Padding Value ( not used )
std::printf("[0x00280120] Pixel Padding Value US or SS 1 -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280030 ) { // Pixel Spacing
char * buff = new char[LINEBUFFSIZE];
char * sepPos = index(data, '\\');
char * termPos = rindex(data, '\0');
std::strncpy(buff, data, sepPos - data);
pixelSpacingX = atof(buff);
std::strncpy(buff, sepPos+1, termPos - sepPos - 1);
pixelSpacingY = atof(buff);
std::printf("[0x00280030] Pixel Spacing (mm) -> %s\n", data);
delete [] buff;
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00200037 ) { // Image Orientation ( not used )
std::printf("[0x00200037] Image Orientation (Patient) -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00200032 ) { // Image Position ( not used )
std::printf("[0x00200032] Image Position (Patient,mm) -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00180050 ) { // Slice Thickness
sliceThickness = atof(data);
std::printf("[0x00180050] Slice Thickness (mm) -> %f\n", sliceThickness);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00201041 ) { // Slice Location
sliceLocation = atof(data);
std::printf("[0x00201041] Slice Location -> %f\n", sliceLocation);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280004 ) { // Photometric Interpretation ( not used )
std::printf("[0x00280004] Photometric Interpretation -> %s\n", data);
} else if(tagDictionary == 0x00020010) { // Endian
if(strcmp(data, "1.2.840.10008.1.2") == 0)
implicitEndian = true;
else if(strncmp(data, "1.2.840.10008.1.2.2", 19) == 0)
littleEndian = false;
//else 1.2.840..10008.1.2.1 (explicit little endian)
std::printf("[0x00020010] Endian -> %s\n", data);
}
// others
else {
std::printf("[0x%x] -> %s\n", tagDictionary, data);
}
}
void DicomHandler::StoreData(std::ofstream& foutG4DCM)
{
G4int mean;
G4double density;
G4bool overflow = false;
G4int cpt=1;
//----- Print indices of material
if(compression == 1) { // no compression: each pixel has a density value)
for( G4int ww = 0; ww < rows; ww++) {
for( G4int xx = 0; xx < columns; xx++) {
mean = tab[ww][xx];
density = Pixel2density(mean);
foutG4DCM << GetMaterialIndex( density ) << " ";
}
foutG4DCM << G4endl;
}
} else {
// density value is the average of a square region of
// compression*compression pixels
for(G4int ww = 0; ww < rows ;ww += compression ) {
for(G4int xx = 0; xx < columns ;xx +=compression ) {
overflow = false;
mean = 0;
for(int sumx = 0; sumx < compression; sumx++) {
for(int sumy = 0; sumy < compression; sumy++) {
if(ww+sumy >= rows || xx+sumx >= columns) overflow = true;
mean += tab[ww+sumy][xx+sumx];
}
if(overflow) break;
}
mean /= compression*compression;
cpt = 1;
if(!overflow) {
G4double density = Pixel2density(mean);
foutG4DCM << GetMaterialIndex( density ) << " ";
}
}
foutG4DCM << G4endl;
}
}
//----- Print densities
if(compression == 1) { // no compression: each pixel has a density value)
for( G4int ww = 0; ww < rows; ww++) {
for( G4int xx = 0; xx < columns; xx++) {
mean = tab[ww][xx];
density = Pixel2density(mean);
foutG4DCM << density << " ";
if( xx%8 == 3 ) foutG4DCM << G4endl; // just for nicer reading
}
}
} else {
// density value is the average of a square region of
// compression*compression pixels
for(G4int ww = 0; ww < rows ;ww += compression ) {
for(G4int xx = 0; xx < columns ;xx +=compression ) {
overflow = false;
mean = 0;
for(int sumx = 0; sumx < compression; sumx++) {
for(int sumy = 0; sumy < compression; sumy++) {
if(ww+sumy >= rows || xx+sumx >= columns) overflow = true;
mean += tab[ww+sumy][xx+sumx];
}
if(overflow) break;
}
mean /= compression*compression;
cpt = 1;
if(!overflow) {
G4double density = Pixel2density(mean);
foutG4DCM << density << " ";
if( xx/compression%8 == 3 ) foutG4DCM << G4endl; // just for nicer reading
}
}
}
}
}
void DicomHandler::ReadMaterialIndices( std::ifstream& finData)
{
size_t nMate;
G4String mateName;
G4double densityMax;
finData >> nMate;
G4cout << " ReadMaterialIndices " << nMate << G4endl;
for( size_t ii = 0; ii < nMate; ii++ ){
finData >> mateName >> densityMax;
fMaterialIndices[densityMax] = mateName;
G4cout << ii << " ReadMaterialIndices " << mateName << " " << densityMax << G4endl;
}
}
size_t DicomHandler::GetMaterialIndex( G4double density )
{
size_t mateID;
std::map<G4double,G4String>::reverse_iterator ite;
G4int ii = fMaterialIndices.size();
for( ite = fMaterialIndices.rbegin(); ite != fMaterialIndices.rend(); ite++, ii-- ) {
if( density >= (*ite).first ) {
break;
}
}
//- G4cout << " GetMaterialIndex " << density << " = " << ii << G4endl;
return ii;
}
//
G4int DicomHandler::ReadData(FILE *dicom,char * filename2)
{
G4int returnvalue = 0;
// READING THE PIXELS :
G4int w = 0;
G4int len = 0;
tab = new G4int*[rows];
for ( G4int i = 0; i < rows; i ++ ) {
tab[i] = new G4int[columns];
}
if(bitAllocated == 8) { // Case 8 bits :
std::printf("@@@ Error! Picture != 16 bits...\n");
std::printf("@@@ Error! Picture != 16 bits...\n");
std::printf("@@@ Error! Picture != 16 bits...\n");
unsigned char ch = 0;
len = rows*columns;
for(G4int j = 0; j < rows; j++) {
for(G4int i = 0; i < columns; i++) {
w++;
std::fread( &ch, 1, 1, dicom);
tab[j][i] = ch*rescaleSlope + rescaleIntercept;
}
}
returnvalue = 1;
} else { // from 12 to 16 bits :
char sbuff[2];
short pixel;
len = rows*columns;
for( G4int j = 0; j < rows; j++) {
for( G4int i = 0; i < columns; i++) {
w++;
std::fread(sbuff, 2, 1, dicom);
GetValue(sbuff, pixel);
tab[j][i] = pixel*rescaleSlope + rescaleIntercept;
}
}
}
// Creation of .g4 files wich contains averaged density data
char * nameProcessed = new char[FILENAMESIZE];
FILE* processed;
std::sprintf(nameProcessed,"%s.g4",filename2);
processed = std::fopen(nameProcessed,"w+b");
std::printf("### Writing of %s ###\n",nameProcessed);
std::fwrite(&rows, 2, 1, processed);
std::fwrite(&columns, 2, 1, processed);
std::fwrite(&pixelSpacingX, 8, 1, processed);
std::fwrite(&pixelSpacingY, 8, 1, processed);
std::fwrite(&sliceThickness, 8, 1, processed);
std::fwrite(&sliceLocation, 8, 1, processed);
std::fwrite(&compression, 2, 1, processed);
std::printf("%8i %8i\n",rows,columns);
std::printf("%8f %8f\n",pixelSpacingX,pixelSpacingY);
std::printf("%8f\n", sliceThickness);
std::printf("%8f\n", sliceLocation);
std::printf("%8i\n", compression);
G4int compSize = compression;
G4int mean;
G4double density;
G4bool overflow = false;
G4int cpt=1;
if(compSize == 1) { // no compression: each pixel has a density value)
for( G4int ww = 0; ww < rows; ww++) {
for( G4int xx = 0; xx < columns; xx++) {
mean = tab[ww][xx];
density = Pixel2density(mean);
std::fwrite(&density, sizeof(G4double), 1, processed);
}
}
} else {
// density value is the average of a square region of
// compression*compression pixels
for(G4int ww = 0; ww < rows ;ww += compSize ) {
for(G4int xx = 0; xx < columns ;xx +=compSize ) {
overflow = false;
mean = 0;
for(int sumx = 0; sumx < compSize; sumx++) {
for(int sumy = 0; sumy < compSize; sumy++) {
if(ww+sumy >= rows || xx+sumx >= columns) overflow = true;
mean += tab[ww+sumy][xx+sumx];
}
if(overflow) break;
}
mean /= compSize*compSize;
cpt = 1;
if(!overflow) {
G4double density = Pixel2density(mean);
std::fwrite(&density, sizeof(G4double), 1, processed);
}
}
}
}
std::fclose(processed);
delete [] nameProcessed;
/* for ( G4int i = 0; i < rows; i ++ ) {
delete [] tab[i];
}
delete [] tab;
*/
return returnvalue;
}
/*
G4int DicomHandler::displayImage(char command[300])
{
// Display DICOM images using ImageMagick
char commandName[500];
std::sprintf(commandName,"display %s",command);
std::printf(commandName);
G4int i = system(commandName);
return (G4int )i;
}
*/
G4double DicomHandler::Pixel2density(G4int pixel)
{
G4double density = -1.;
G4int nbrequali = 0;
G4double deltaCT = 0;
G4double deltaDensity = 0;
// CT2Density.dat contains the calibration curve to convert CT (Hounsfield)
// number to physical density
std::ifstream calibration("CT2Density.dat");
calibration >> nbrequali;
G4double * valuedensity = new G4double[nbrequali];
G4double * valueCT = new G4double[nbrequali];
if(!calibration) {
G4cerr << "@@@ No value to transform pixels in density!" << G4endl;
exit(1);
} else { // calibration was successfully opened
for(G4int i = 0; i < nbrequali; i++) { // Loop to store all the pts in CT2Density.dat
calibration >> valueCT[i] >> valuedensity[i];
}
}
calibration.close();
for(G4int j = 1; j < nbrequali; j++) {
if( pixel >= valueCT[j-1] && pixel < valueCT[j]) {
deltaCT = valueCT[j] - valueCT[j-1];
deltaDensity = valuedensity[j] - valuedensity[j-1];
// interpolating linearly
density = valuedensity[j] - ((valueCT[j] - pixel)*deltaDensity/deltaCT );
break;
}
}
if(density < 0.) {
std::printf("@@@ Error density = %f && Pixel = %i (0x%x) && deltaDensity/deltaCT = %f\n",density,pixel,pixel, deltaDensity/deltaCT);
}
delete [] valuedensity;
delete [] valueCT;
return density;
}
void DicomHandler::CheckFileFormat()
{
std::ifstream checkData("Data.dat");
char * oneLine = new char[128];
if(!(checkData.is_open())) { //Check existance of Data.dat
G4cout << "\nDicomG4 needs Data.dat :\n\tFirst line: number of image pixel for a "
<< "voxel (G4Box)\n\tSecond line: number of images (CT slices) to "
<< "read\n\tEach following line contains the name of a Dicom image except "
<< "for the .dcm extension\n";
exit(0);
}
checkData >> compression;
checkData >> nFiles;
G4String oneName;
checkData.getline(oneLine,100);
std::ifstream testExistence;
G4bool existAlready = true;
for(G4int rep = 0; rep < nFiles; rep++) {
checkData.getline(oneLine,100);
oneName = oneLine;
oneName += ".g4dcm"; // create dicomFile.g4dcm
G4cout << nFiles << " test file " << oneName << G4endl;
testExistence.open(oneName.data());
if(!(testExistence.is_open())) {
existAlready = false;
testExistence.clear();
testExistence.close();
}
testExistence.clear();
testExistence.close();
}
ReadMaterialIndices( checkData );
checkData.close();
delete [] oneLine;
if( existAlready == false ) { // The files *.g4dcm have to be created
G4cout << "\nAll the necessary images were not found in processed form, starting "
<< "with .dcm images\n";
FILE * dicom;
FILE * lecturePref;
char * compressionc = new char[LINEBUFFSIZE];
char * maxc = new char[LINEBUFFSIZE];
//char name[300], inputFile[300];
char * name = new char[FILENAMESIZE];
char * inputFile = new char[FILENAMESIZE];
lecturePref = std::fopen("Data.dat","r");
std::fscanf(lecturePref,"%s",compressionc);
compression = atoi(compressionc);
std::fscanf(lecturePref,"%s",maxc);
nFiles = atoi(maxc);
G4cout << " nFiles " << nFiles << G4endl;
for( G4int i = 1; i <= nFiles; i++ ) { // Begin loop on filenames
std::fscanf(lecturePref,"%s",inputFile);
std::sprintf(name,"%s.dcm",inputFile);
std::cout << "check 1: " << name << std::endl;
// Open input file and give it to gestion_dicom :
std::printf("### Opening %s and reading :\n",name);
dicom = std::fopen(name,"rb");
// Reading the .dcm in two steps:
// 1. reading the header
// 2. reading the pixel data and store the density in Moyenne.dat
if( dicom != 0 ) {
ReadFile(dicom,inputFile);
} else {
G4cout << "\nError opening file : " << name << G4endl;
}
std::fclose(dicom);
}
std::fclose(lecturePref);
delete [] compressionc;
delete [] maxc;
delete [] name;
delete [] inputFile;
}
}
template <class Type>
void DicomHandler::GetValue(char * _val, Type & _rval) {
#if BYTE_ORDER == BIG_ENDIAN
if(littleEndian) { // little endian
#else // BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN
if(!littleEndian) { // big endian
#endif
const int SIZE = sizeof(_rval);
char ctemp;
for(int i = 0; i < SIZE/2; i++) {
ctemp = _val[i];
_val[i] = _val[SIZE - 1 - i];
_val[SIZE - 1 - i] = ctemp;
}
}
_rval = *(Type *)_val;
}