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geant4/source/processes/electromagnetic/standard/src/G4eIonisation.cc
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//
// ********************************************************************
// * DISCLAIMER *
// * *
// * The following disclaimer summarizes all the specific disclaimers *
// * of contributors to this software. The specific disclaimers,which *
// * govern, are listed with their locations in: *
// * http://cern.ch/geant4/license *
// * *
// * Neither the authors of this software system, nor their employing *
// * institutes,nor the agencies providing financial support for this *
// * work make any representation or warranty, express or implied, *
// * regarding this software system or assume any liability for its *
// * use. *
// * *
// * This code implementation is the intellectual property of the *
// * GEANT4 collaboration. *
// * By copying, distributing or modifying the Program (or any work *
// * based on the Program) you indicate your acceptance of this *
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//
//
// $Id: G4eIonisation.cc,v 1.25 2002/04/09 17:34:44 vnivanch Exp $
// GEANT4 tag $Name: geant4-04-01 $
//
//--------------- G4eIonisation physics process --------------------------------
// by Laszlo Urban, 20 March 1997
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// 07-04-98 remove 'tracking cut' of the ionizing particle, mma
// 04-09-98 new methods SetBining() PrintInfo()
// 07-09-98 Cleanup
// 02-02-99 correction inDoIt , L.Urban
// 10-02-00 modifications , new e.m. structure, L.Urban
// 28-05-01 V.Ivanchenko minor changes to provide ANSI -wall compilation
// 09-08-01 new methods Store/Retrieve PhysicsTable (mma)
// 13-08-01 new function ComputeRestrictedMeandEdx() (mma)
// 17-09-01 migration of Materials to pure STL (mma)
// 21-09-01 completion of RetrievePhysicsTable() (mma)
// 29-10-01 all static functions no more inlined (mma)
// 07-11-01 particleMass and Charge become local variables
// 26-03-02 change access to cuts in BuildLossTables (V.Ivanchenko)
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
#include "G4eIonisation.hh"
#include "G4UnitsTable.hh"
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4double G4eIonisation::LowerBoundLambda = 1.*keV;
G4double G4eIonisation::UpperBoundLambda = 100.*TeV;
G4int G4eIonisation::NbinLambda = 100;
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4eIonisation::G4eIonisation(const G4String& processName)
: G4VeEnergyLoss(processName),
theMeanFreePathTable(NULL)
{}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4eIonisation::~G4eIonisation()
{
if (theMeanFreePathTable)
{theMeanFreePathTable->clearAndDestroy(); delete theMeanFreePathTable;}
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
void G4eIonisation::SetLowerBoundLambda(G4double val)
{LowerBoundLambda = val;}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
void G4eIonisation::SetUpperBoundLambda(G4double val)
{UpperBoundLambda = val;}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
void G4eIonisation::SetNbinLambda(G4int n)
{NbinLambda = n;}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4double G4eIonisation::GetLowerBoundLambda()
{return LowerBoundLambda;}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4double G4eIonisation::GetUpperBoundLambda()
{return UpperBoundLambda;}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4int G4eIonisation::GetNbinLambda()
{return NbinLambda;}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
void G4eIonisation::BuildPhysicsTable(const G4ParticleDefinition& aParticleType)
// just call BuildLossTable+BuildLambdaTable
{
// get bining from EnergyLoss
LowestKineticEnergy = GetLowerBoundEloss();
HighestKineticEnergy = GetUpperBoundEloss();
TotBin = GetNbinEloss();
BuildLossTable(aParticleType);
if (&aParticleType==G4Electron::Electron())
{
RecorderOfElectronProcess[CounterOfElectronProcess] = (*this).theLossTable;
CounterOfElectronProcess++;
}
else
{
RecorderOfPositronProcess[CounterOfPositronProcess] = (*this).theLossTable;
CounterOfPositronProcess++;
}
BuildLambdaTable(aParticleType);
BuildDEDXTable(aParticleType);
if (&aParticleType==G4Electron::Electron()) PrintInfoDefinition();
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
void G4eIonisation::BuildLossTable(const G4ParticleDefinition& aParticleType)
{
// Build tables of dE/dx due to the ionization process
// the tables are built for *MATERIALS*
// create table
//
const G4MaterialTable* theMaterialTable = G4Material::GetMaterialTable();
G4int numOfMaterials = G4Material::GetNumberOfMaterials();
if (theLossTable) {theLossTable->clearAndDestroy(); delete theLossTable;}
theLossTable = new G4PhysicsTable(numOfMaterials);
// get electron cuts in kinetic energy
// The electron cuts needed in the case of the positron , too!
// This is the reason why SetCut has to be called for electron first !!
if((G4Electron::Electron()->GetEnergyCuts() == 0) &&
(&aParticleType == G4Positron::Positron()))
{
G4cout << " The ELECTRON energy cuts needed to compute energy loss"
" and mean free path; and for POSITRON, too. " << G4endl;
G4Exception(" Call SetCut for e- first !!");
}
// get DeltaCut in energy
G4double* DeltaCutInKineticEnergy = G4Electron::Electron()->GetEnergyCuts();
// loop for materials
//
for (G4int J=0; J<numOfMaterials; J++)
{
// create physics vector and fill it
G4PhysicsLogVector* aVector = new G4PhysicsLogVector(
LowestKineticEnergy, HighestKineticEnergy, TotBin);
const G4Material* material = (*theMaterialTable)[J];
G4double DeltaThreshold = DeltaCutInKineticEnergy[J];
// now comes the loop for the kinetic energy values
//
for (G4int i = 0; i < TotBin; i++)
{
G4double dEdx = ComputeRestrictedMeandEdx(aParticleType,
aVector->GetLowEdgeEnergy(i),
material,
DeltaThreshold);
if(1 < verboseLevel) {
G4cout << "Material= " << material->GetName()
<< " E(MeV)= " << aVector->GetLowEdgeEnergy(i)/MeV
<< " dEdx(MeV/mm)= " << dEdx*mm/MeV
<< G4endl;
}
aVector->PutValue(i,dEdx);
}
theLossTable->insert(aVector);
}
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
void G4eIonisation::BuildLambdaTable(const G4ParticleDefinition& aParticleType)
{
// Build mean free path tables for the delta ray production process
// tables are built for MATERIALS
//create table
//
const G4MaterialTable* theMaterialTable=G4Material::GetMaterialTable();
G4int numOfMaterials = G4Material::GetNumberOfMaterials();
if (theMeanFreePathTable)
{ theMeanFreePathTable->clearAndDestroy(); delete theMeanFreePathTable;}
theMeanFreePathTable = new G4PhysicsTable(numOfMaterials);
// get electron cuts in kinetic energy
// The electron cuts needed in the case of the positron , too!
// This is the reason why SetCut has to be called for electron first !!
if((G4Electron::Electron()->GetEnergyCuts() == 0) &&
(&aParticleType == G4Positron::Positron()))
{
G4cout << " The ELECTRON energy cuts needed to compute energy loss"
" and mean free path; and for POSITRON, too. " << G4endl;
G4Exception(" Call SetCut for e- first !!");
}
G4double* DeltaCutInKineticEnergy = G4Electron::Electron()->GetEnergyCuts();
// loop for materials
for (G4int J=0 ; J < numOfMaterials; J++)
{
//create physics vector then fill it ....
G4PhysicsLogVector* aVector = new G4PhysicsLogVector(
LowerBoundLambda, UpperBoundLambda, NbinLambda);
// compute the (macroscopic) cross section first
const G4Material* material= (*theMaterialTable)[J];
const G4ElementVector* theElementVector = material->GetElementVector();
const G4double* NbOfAtomsPerVolume = material->GetVecNbOfAtomsPerVolume();
G4int NumberOfElements = material->GetNumberOfElements();
// get the electron kinetic energy cut for the actual material,
// it will be used in ComputeCrossSectionPerAtom
// (--> it will be the same for all the elements in this material )
G4double DeltaThreshold = DeltaCutInKineticEnergy[J];
for (G4int i = 0 ; i < NbinLambda ; i++)
{
G4double LowEdgeEnergy = aVector->GetLowEdgeEnergy(i);
G4double SIGMA = 0.;
for (G4int iel=0; iel<NumberOfElements; iel++ )
{
SIGMA += NbOfAtomsPerVolume[iel]*
ComputeCrossSectionPerAtom(aParticleType,
LowEdgeEnergy,
(*theElementVector)[iel]->GetZ(),
DeltaThreshold);
}
// mean free path = 1./macroscopic cross section
G4double Value = SIGMA > DBL_MIN ? 1./SIGMA : DBL_MAX;
aVector->PutValue(i, Value);
}
theMeanFreePathTable->insert(aVector);
}
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4double G4eIonisation::ComputeRestrictedMeandEdx (
const G4ParticleDefinition& aParticleType,
G4double KineticEnergy,
const G4Material* material,
G4double DeltaThreshold)
{
// calculate the dE/dx due to the ionization process (Geant4 internal units)
// Seltzer-Berger formula
//
G4double particleMass = aParticleType.GetPDGMass();
G4double ElectronDensity = material->GetElectronDensity();
G4double Eexc = material->GetIonisation()->GetMeanExcitationEnergy();
Eexc /= particleMass; G4double Eexcm2 = Eexc*Eexc;
// for the lowenergy extrapolation
G4double Zeff = material->GetTotNbOfElectPerVolume()/
material->GetTotNbOfAtomsPerVolume();
G4double Th = 0.25*sqrt(Zeff)*keV;
G4double Tsav = 0.;
if (KineticEnergy < Th) {Tsav = KineticEnergy; KineticEnergy = Th;}
G4double tau = KineticEnergy/particleMass;
G4double gamma = tau + 1., gamma2 = gamma*gamma, bg2 = tau*(tau+2.);
G4double beta2 = bg2/gamma2;
G4double Tmax,d,dEdx;
// electron
if (&aParticleType==G4Electron::Electron())
{
Tmax = KineticEnergy/2.;
d = G4std::min(DeltaThreshold, Tmax)/particleMass;
dEdx = log(2.*(tau+2.)/Eexcm2)-1.-beta2
+ log((tau-d)*d)+tau/(tau-d)
+ (0.5*d*d+(2.*tau+1.)*log(1.-d/tau))/gamma2;
}
else //positron
{
Tmax = KineticEnergy;
d = G4std::min(DeltaThreshold, Tmax)/particleMass;
G4double d2=d*d/2., d3=d*d*d/3., d4=d*d*d*d/4.;
G4double y=1./(1.+gamma);
dEdx = log(2.*(tau+2.)/Eexcm2)+log(tau*d)
- beta2*(tau+2.*d-y*(3.*d2+y*(d-d3+y*(d2-tau*d3+d4))))/tau;
}
//density correction
G4double Cden = material->GetIonisation()->GetCdensity();
G4double Mden = material->GetIonisation()->GetMdensity();
G4double Aden = material->GetIonisation()->GetAdensity();
G4double X0den = material->GetIonisation()->GetX0density();
G4double X1den = material->GetIonisation()->GetX1density();
const G4double twoln10 = 2.*log(10.);
G4double x = log(bg2)/twoln10;
G4double delta;
if (x < X0den) delta = 0.;
else {delta = twoln10*x - Cden;
if (x < X1den) delta += Aden*pow((X1den-x),Mden);
}
//now you can compute the total ionization loss
dEdx -= delta;
dEdx *= twopi_mc2_rcl2*ElectronDensity/beta2;
if (dEdx <= 0.) dEdx = 0.;
// low energy ?
const G4double Tl = 0.2*keV;
if (Tsav > 0.)
{
if (Tsav >= Tl) dEdx *= sqrt(KineticEnergy/Tsav);
else dEdx *= sqrt(KineticEnergy*Tsav)/Tl;
}
return dEdx;
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4double G4eIonisation::ComputeCrossSectionPerAtom(
const G4ParticleDefinition& aParticleType,
G4double KineticEnergy,
G4double AtomicNumber ,
G4double DeltaThreshold)
{
// calculates the cross section per atom (Geant4 internal units)
//(it is called for elements , AtomicNumber = Z )
G4double particleMass = aParticleType.GetPDGMass();
G4double TotalEnergy = KineticEnergy + particleMass;
G4double betasquare = KineticEnergy*(TotalEnergy+particleMass)
/(TotalEnergy*TotalEnergy);
G4double gamma = TotalEnergy/particleMass, gamma2 = gamma*gamma;
G4double x=DeltaThreshold/KineticEnergy, x2 = x*x;
G4double MaxKineticEnergyTransfer;
if (&aParticleType==G4Electron::Electron())
MaxKineticEnergyTransfer = 0.5*KineticEnergy;
else MaxKineticEnergyTransfer = KineticEnergy;
// now you can calculate the total cross section
//
G4double TotalCrossSection = 0.;
if (MaxKineticEnergyTransfer > DeltaThreshold)
{
if (&aParticleType==G4Electron::Electron()) //Moller (e-e-) scattering
{
TotalCrossSection = (gamma-1.)*(gamma-1.)*(0.5-x)/gamma2 + 1./x
- 1./(1.-x)-(2.*gamma-1.)*log((1.-x)/x)/gamma2;
TotalCrossSection /= betasquare;
}
else //Bhabha (e+e-) scattering
{
G4double y=1./(1.+gamma), y2 =y*y, y12=1.-2.*y;
G4double b1=2.-y2, b2=y12*(3.+y2), b4=y12*y12*y12, b3=b4+y12*y12;
TotalCrossSection = (1./x-1.)/betasquare+b1*log(x)+b2*(1.-x)
- b3*(1.-x2)/2.+b4*(1.-x2*x)/3.;
}
TotalCrossSection *= (twopi_mc2_rcl2*AtomicNumber/KineticEnergy);
}
return TotalCrossSection ;
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4VParticleChange* G4eIonisation::PostStepDoIt( const G4Track& trackData,
const G4Step& stepData)
{
aParticleChange.Initialize(trackData);
G4Material* aMaterial = trackData.GetMaterial();
const G4DynamicParticle* aParticle = trackData.GetDynamicParticle();
G4double particleMass = aParticle->GetDefinition()->GetPDGMass();
G4double Charge = aParticle->GetDefinition()->GetPDGCharge();
G4double KineticEnergy = aParticle->GetKineticEnergy();
G4double TotalEnergy = KineticEnergy + particleMass;
G4double Psquare = KineticEnergy*(TotalEnergy+particleMass);
G4double TotalMomentum = sqrt(Psquare);
G4ParticleMomentum ParticleDirection = aParticle->GetMomentumDirection();
// get kinetic energy cut for the electron
G4double* DeltaCutInKineticEnergy = G4Electron::Electron()->GetEnergyCuts() ;
G4double DeltaThreshold = DeltaCutInKineticEnergy[aMaterial->GetIndex()];
// some kinematics
G4double MaxKineticEnergyTransfer;
if (Charge < 0.) MaxKineticEnergyTransfer = 0.5*KineticEnergy;
else MaxKineticEnergyTransfer = KineticEnergy;
// sampling kinetic energy of the delta ray
if (MaxKineticEnergyTransfer <= DeltaThreshold)
// pathological case (should not happen, there is no change at all)
return G4VContinuousDiscreteProcess::PostStepDoIt(trackData,stepData);
// normal case
G4double cc,y,y2,c2,b0,b1,b2,b3,b4,x,x1,grej,grejc;
G4double tau = KineticEnergy/particleMass;
G4double gamma = tau+1., gamma2=gamma*gamma;
G4double xc = DeltaThreshold/KineticEnergy, xc1=1.-xc;
if (Charge < 0.) // Moller (e-e-) scattering
{
b1=4./(9.*gamma2-10.*gamma+5.);
b2=tau*tau*b1; b3=(2.*gamma2+2.*gamma-1.)*b1;
cc=1.-2.*xc;
do {
x = xc/(1.-cc*G4UniformRand()); x1 = 1.-x;
grej = b2*x*x-b3*x/x1+b1*gamma2/(x1*x1);
} while (G4UniformRand()>grej);
}
else // Bhabha (e+e-) scattering
{
y=1./(gamma+1.); y2=y*y; cc=1.-2.*y;
b1=2.-y2; b2=cc*(3.+y2);
c2=cc*cc; b4=c2*cc; b3=c2+b4;
b0=gamma2/(gamma2-1.);
grejc=(((b4*xc-b3)*xc+b2)*xc-b1)*xc+b0;
do {
x = xc/(1.-xc1*G4UniformRand());
grej = ((((b4*x-b3)*x+b2)*x-b1)*x+b0)/grejc;
} while (G4UniformRand()>grej);
}
G4double DeltaKineticEnergy = x * KineticEnergy;
// protection :do not produce a secondary with 0. kinetic energy !
if (DeltaKineticEnergy <= 0.)
return G4VContinuousDiscreteProcess::PostStepDoIt(trackData,stepData);
G4double DeltaTotalMomentum = sqrt(DeltaKineticEnergy*(DeltaKineticEnergy +
2.*electron_mass_c2 ));
G4double costheta = DeltaKineticEnergy * (TotalEnergy + electron_mass_c2)
/(DeltaTotalMomentum * TotalMomentum);
if (costheta < -1.) costheta = -1.;
if (costheta > +1.) costheta = +1.;
// direction of the delta electron
G4double phi = twopi * G4UniformRand();
G4double sintheta = sqrt((1.+costheta)*(1.-costheta));
G4double dirx = sintheta*cos(phi), diry = sintheta*sin(phi), dirz = costheta;
G4ThreeVector DeltaDirection(dirx,diry,dirz);
DeltaDirection.rotateUz(ParticleDirection);
// create G4DynamicParticle object for delta ray
G4DynamicParticle* theDeltaRay = new G4DynamicParticle;
theDeltaRay->SetKineticEnergy( DeltaKineticEnergy );
theDeltaRay->SetMomentumDirection(
DeltaDirection.x(),DeltaDirection.y(),DeltaDirection.z());
theDeltaRay->SetDefinition(G4Electron::Electron());
// fill aParticleChange
// changed energy and momentum of the actual particle
G4double finalKineticEnergy = KineticEnergy - DeltaKineticEnergy;
G4double Edep = 0.;
if (finalKineticEnergy > MinKineticEnergy)
{
G4double finalPx = TotalMomentum*ParticleDirection.x()
- DeltaTotalMomentum*DeltaDirection.x();
G4double finalPy = TotalMomentum*ParticleDirection.y()
- DeltaTotalMomentum*DeltaDirection.y();
G4double finalPz = TotalMomentum*ParticleDirection.z()
- DeltaTotalMomentum*DeltaDirection.z();
G4double finalMomentum =
sqrt(finalPx*finalPx+finalPy*finalPy+finalPz*finalPz);
finalPx /= finalMomentum;
finalPy /= finalMomentum;
finalPz /= finalMomentum;
aParticleChange.SetMomentumChange(finalPx, finalPy, finalPz);
}
else
{
Edep = finalKineticEnergy;
finalKineticEnergy = 0.;
if (Charge < 0.) aParticleChange.SetStatusChange(fStopAndKill);
else aParticleChange.SetStatusChange(fStopButAlive);
}
aParticleChange.SetEnergyChange(finalKineticEnergy);
aParticleChange.SetNumberOfSecondaries(1);
aParticleChange.AddSecondary(theDeltaRay);
aParticleChange.SetLocalEnergyDeposit(Edep);
return G4VContinuousDiscreteProcess::PostStepDoIt(trackData,stepData);
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4bool G4eIonisation::StorePhysicsTable(G4ParticleDefinition* particle,
const G4String& directory,
G4bool ascii)
{
G4String filename;
// store stopping power table
filename = GetPhysicsTableFileName(particle,directory,"StoppingPower",ascii);
if ( !theLossTable->StorePhysicsTable(filename, ascii) ){
G4cout << " FAIL theLossTable->StorePhysicsTable in " << filename
<< G4endl;
return false;
}
// store mean free path table
filename = GetPhysicsTableFileName(particle,directory,"MeanFreePath",ascii);
if ( !theMeanFreePathTable->StorePhysicsTable(filename, ascii) ){
G4cout << " FAIL theMeanFreePathTable->StorePhysicsTable in " << filename
<< G4endl;
return false;
}
G4cout << GetProcessName() << " for " << particle->GetParticleName()
<< ": Success to store the PhysicsTables in "
<< directory << G4endl;
return true;
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
G4bool G4eIonisation::RetrievePhysicsTable(G4ParticleDefinition* particle,
const G4String& directory,
G4bool ascii)
{
// delete theLossTable and theMeanFreePathTable
if (theLossTable != 0) {
theLossTable->clearAndDestroy();
delete theLossTable;
}
if (theMeanFreePathTable != 0) {
theMeanFreePathTable->clearAndDestroy();
delete theMeanFreePathTable;
}
// get bining from EnergyLoss
LowestKineticEnergy = GetLowerBoundEloss();
HighestKineticEnergy = GetUpperBoundEloss();
TotBin = GetNbinEloss();
G4String filename;
// retreive stopping power table
filename = GetPhysicsTableFileName(particle,directory,"StoppingPower",ascii);
theLossTable = new G4PhysicsTable(G4Material::GetNumberOfMaterials());
if ( !theLossTable->RetrievePhysicsTable(filename, ascii) ){
G4cout << " FAIL theLossTable->RetrievePhysicsTable in " << filename
<< G4endl;
return false;
}
// retreive mean free path table
filename = GetPhysicsTableFileName(particle,directory,"MeanFreePath",ascii);
theMeanFreePathTable = new G4PhysicsTable(G4Material::GetNumberOfMaterials());
if ( !theMeanFreePathTable->RetrievePhysicsTable(filename, ascii) ){
G4cout << " FAIL theMeanFreePathTable->RetrievePhysicsTable in " << filename
<< G4endl;
return false;
}
G4cout << GetProcessName() << " for " << particle->GetParticleName()
<< ": Success to retrieve the PhysicsTables from "
<< directory << G4endl;
if (particle==G4Electron::Electron())
{
RecorderOfElectronProcess[CounterOfElectronProcess] = (*this).theLossTable;
CounterOfElectronProcess++;
}
else
{
RecorderOfPositronProcess[CounterOfPositronProcess] = (*this).theLossTable;
CounterOfPositronProcess++;
}
BuildDEDXTable(*particle);
return true;
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......
void G4eIonisation::PrintInfoDefinition()
{
G4String comments = "delta cross sections from Moller+Bhabha. "
"Good description from 1 KeV to 100 GeV.\n"
" delta ray energy sampled from differential Xsection.";
G4cout << G4endl << GetProcessName() << ": " << comments
<< "\n PhysicsTables from "
<< G4BestUnit(LowerBoundLambda,"Energy")
<< " to " << G4BestUnit(UpperBoundLambda,"Energy")
<< " in " << NbinLambda << " bins. \n";
}
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo......