geant4/source/analysis/g4tools/include/tools/img

// Copyright (C) 2010, Guy Barrand. All rights reserved.
// See the file tools.license for terms.

#ifndef tools_img
#define tools_img

#ifdef TOOLS_MEM
#include "mem"
#endif

#include <string> //memcpy
#include <cstring> //memcpy
#include "mnmx"
#include "S_STRING"

#include <vector> //concatenate

namespace tools {

template <class T>
class img {
public:
  TOOLS_T_SCLASS(T,tools::img)
public:
  img()
  :m_w(0),m_h(0),m_n(0)
  ,m_buffer(0)
  ,m_owner(false)
  {
#ifdef TOOLS_MEM
    mem::increment(s_class().c_str());
#endif
  }
  img(unsigned int a_w,unsigned int a_h,unsigned int a_n,T* a_buffer,bool a_owner)
  :m_w(a_w),m_h(a_h),m_n(a_n)
  ,m_buffer(a_buffer)
  ,m_owner(a_owner)
  {
#ifdef TOOLS_MEM
    mem::increment(s_class().c_str());
#endif
  }
  virtual ~img() {
    if(m_owner) delete [] m_buffer;
#ifdef TOOLS_MEM
    mem::decrement(s_class().c_str());
#endif
  }
public:
  img(const img& a_from)
  :m_w(a_from.m_w),m_h(a_from.m_h),m_n(a_from.m_n)
  ,m_buffer(0)
  ,m_owner(a_from.m_owner)
  {
#ifdef TOOLS_MEM
    mem::increment(s_class().c_str());
#endif
    if(m_owner) {
      unsigned int sz = m_w*m_h*m_n;
      if(!sz) return;
      m_buffer = new T[sz];
      if(!m_buffer) {
        m_w = 0;m_h = 0;m_n = 0;m_owner = false;
        return; //throw
      }
      ::memcpy(m_buffer,a_from.m_buffer,sz*sizeof(T));
    } else {
      m_buffer = a_from.m_buffer;
    }
  }
  img& operator=(const img& a_from){
    if(&a_from==this) return *this;
    if(m_owner) delete [] m_buffer;
    m_buffer = 0;
    m_w = a_from.m_w;
    m_h = a_from.m_h;
    m_n = a_from.m_n;
    m_owner = a_from.m_owner;
    if(m_owner) {
      unsigned int sz = m_w*m_h*m_n;
      if(!sz) return *this;
      m_buffer = new T[sz];
      if(!m_buffer) {
        m_w = 0;m_h = 0;m_n = 0;m_owner = false;
        return *this;  //throw
      }
      ::memcpy(m_buffer,a_from.m_buffer,sz*sizeof(T));
    } else {
      m_buffer = a_from.m_buffer;
    }
    return *this;
  }
public:
  bool operator==(const img& a_from) const {return equal(a_from);}
  bool operator!=(const img& a_from) const {return !operator==(a_from);}
public:
  void transfer(img& a_from) {
    if(m_owner) delete [] m_buffer;
    m_w = a_from.m_w;
    m_h = a_from.m_h;
    m_n = a_from.m_n;
    m_buffer = a_from.m_buffer;
    m_owner = a_from.m_owner;
    // empty a_from :
    a_from.m_w = 0;
    a_from.m_h = 0;
    a_from.m_buffer = 0;
    a_from.m_owner = false;
  }

  void clear() {
    if(m_owner) delete [] m_buffer;
    m_w = 0;
    m_h = 0;
    m_n = 0;
    m_buffer = 0;
    m_owner = false;
  }
  void set(unsigned int a_w,unsigned int a_h,unsigned int a_n,T* a_buffer,bool a_owner) {
    if(m_owner) delete [] m_buffer;
    m_w = a_w;
    m_h = a_h;
    m_n = a_n;
    m_buffer = a_buffer;
    m_owner = a_owner;
  }
  bool copy(unsigned int a_w,unsigned int a_h,unsigned int a_n,T* a_buffer) {
    if(m_owner) delete [] m_buffer;
    m_buffer = 0;
    m_w = a_w;
    m_h = a_h;
    m_n = a_n;
    unsigned int sz = m_w*m_h*m_n;
    if(!sz) {
      m_w = 0;m_h = 0;m_n = 0;m_owner = false;
      return false;
    }
    m_buffer = new T[sz];
    if(!m_buffer) {
      m_w = 0;m_h = 0;m_n = 0;m_owner = false;
      return false;
    }
    ::memcpy(m_buffer,a_buffer,sz*sizeof(T));
    m_owner = true;
    return true;
  }
  bool copy(const img& a_from){
    if(m_owner) delete [] m_buffer;
    m_buffer = 0;
    m_w = a_from.m_w;
    m_h = a_from.m_h;
    m_n = a_from.m_n;
    unsigned int sz = m_w*m_h*m_n;
    if(!sz) {
      m_w = 0;m_h = 0;m_n = 0;m_owner = false;
      return false;
    }
    m_buffer = new T[sz];
    if(!m_buffer) {
      m_w = 0;m_h = 0;m_n = 0;m_owner = false;
      return false;
    }
    ::memcpy(m_buffer,a_from.m_buffer,sz*sizeof(T));
    m_owner = true;
    return true;
  }
  bool allocate(unsigned int a_w,unsigned int a_h,unsigned int a_n){
    if(m_owner) delete [] m_buffer;
    m_buffer = 0;
    unsigned int sz = a_w*a_h*a_n;
    if(!sz) {
      m_w = 0;m_h = 0;m_n = 0;m_owner = false;
      return false;
    }
    m_w = a_w;
    m_h = a_h;
    m_n = a_n;
    m_buffer = new T[sz];
    if(!m_buffer) {
      m_w = 0;m_h = 0;m_n = 0;m_owner = false;
      return false;
    }
    m_owner = true;
    return true;
  }
  void make_empty(bool a_delete = true) {
    if(m_owner && a_delete) delete [] m_buffer;
    m_w = 0;
    m_h = 0;
    m_n = 0;
    m_buffer = 0;
    m_owner = false;
  }
  bool is_empty() const {
    if(!m_w) return true;
    if(!m_h) return true;
    if(!m_n) return true;
    if(!m_buffer) return true;
    return false;
  }
  bool equal(const img& a_from) const {
    if(m_w!=a_from.m_w) return false;
    if(m_h!=a_from.m_h) return false;
    if(m_n!=a_from.m_n) return false;
    //don't test ownership.
    unsigned int sz = m_w*m_h*m_n;
    T* pos = m_buffer;
    T* fpos = a_from.m_buffer;
    for(unsigned int index=0;index<sz;index++,pos++,fpos++) {
      if((*pos)!=(*fpos)) return false;
    }
    return true;
  }
  unsigned int width() const {return m_w;}
  unsigned int height() const {return m_h;}
  unsigned int bytes_per_pixel() const {return m_n;}
  unsigned int bpp() const {return m_n;}
  T* buffer() const {return m_buffer;}
  bool owner() const {return m_owner;}
  unsigned int size() const {return m_w*m_h*m_n*sizeof(T);} //bytes.
public:
  bool pixel(unsigned int a_i,unsigned a_j,std::vector<T>& a_pixel) const {
    if((!m_w)||(!m_h)||(a_i>=m_w)||(a_j>=m_h)) {
      a_pixel.clear();
      return false;
    }
    a_pixel.resize(m_n);
    T* pos = m_buffer + a_j * (m_w * m_n) + a_i*m_n;
    for(unsigned int ipix=0;ipix<m_n;ipix++) {
      a_pixel[ipix] = *(pos+ipix);
    }
    return true;
  }

  bool expand(unsigned int a_factor,img<T>& a_res,bool a_res_force_owner = true) const {
    if(a_factor==1) {
      if(a_res_force_owner) {
        a_res.copy(m_w,m_h,m_n,m_buffer);
      } else {
        a_res.set(m_w,m_h,m_n,m_buffer,false);
      }
      return true;
    }
  
    unsigned int nw = m_w*a_factor;
    unsigned int nh = m_h*a_factor;
    unsigned int sz = nh*nw*m_n;
    if(!sz) {
      a_res.make_empty();
      return false;
    }
  
    T* nb = new T[sz];
    if(!nb) {
      a_res.make_empty();
      return false;
    }
  
    for(unsigned int j=0;j<m_h;j++) {
      for(unsigned int i=0;i<m_w;i++) {
        //position in the original image.
        T* pos = m_buffer + j * (m_w * m_n) + i*m_n;
  
        for(unsigned int fr=0;fr<a_factor;fr++) {
          for(unsigned int fc=0;fc<a_factor;fc++) {
            //position in the new image.
            T* npos = nb + (j*a_factor+fr) * (nw * m_n) + (i*a_factor+fc)*m_n;
            for(unsigned int ipix=0;ipix<m_n;ipix++) {
              *(npos+ipix) = *(pos+ipix);
            }
          }
        }
  
      }
    }
  
    a_res.set(nw,nh,m_n,nb,true);
    return true;
  }

  bool contract_raw(unsigned int a_w,unsigned int a_h,img<T>& a_res,bool a_force_res_owner = true) const {
    if((a_w==m_w)&&(a_h==m_h)) {
      if(a_force_res_owner) {
        a_res.copy(m_w,m_h,m_n,m_buffer);
      } else {
        a_res.set(m_w,m_h,m_n,m_buffer,false);
      }
      return true;
    }
  
    unsigned int sz = a_h*a_w*m_n;
    if(!sz) {
      a_res.make_empty();
      return false;
    }
  
    T* rb = new T[sz];
    if(!rb) {
      a_res.make_empty();
      return false;
    }

    double* pixels = new double[m_n]; //for mean value.
    if(!pixels) {
      delete [] rb;
      a_res.make_empty();
      return false;
    }

    unsigned int wfac = double(m_w)/double(a_w);
    unsigned int hfac = double(m_h)/double(a_h);
    if(!wfac) wfac = 1;
    if(!hfac) hfac = 1;

    unsigned int wfac_hfac = wfac*hfac;

    T* hpos;T* pos;
    for(unsigned int j=0;j<a_h;j++) {
      for(unsigned int i=0;i<a_w;i++) {

        // take mean value of wfac*hfac pixels :  
       {for(unsigned int ipix=0;ipix<m_n;ipix++) pixels[ipix] = 0;}
            
        for(unsigned int fr=0;fr<hfac;fr++) {
          hpos = m_buffer + (j*hfac+fr)*(m_w*m_n);
          for(unsigned int fc=0;fc<wfac;fc++) {
            pos = hpos + (i*wfac+fc)*m_n;
            for(unsigned int ipix=0;ipix<m_n;ipix++) {
              pixels[ipix] += double(*pos)/double(wfac_hfac);pos++;
            }
          }
        }

        //position in the result image.
        T* rpos = rb + j * (a_w * m_n) + i*m_n;
       {for(unsigned int ipix=0;ipix<m_n;ipix++) {*rpos = T(pixels[ipix]);rpos++;}}
      }
    }

    delete [] pixels;

    a_res.set(a_w,a_h,m_n,rb,true);
    return true;
  }

  bool contract(unsigned int a_w,unsigned int a_h,img<T>& a_res,bool a_force_res_owner = true) const {
    //optimized version of contract_raw().

    if((a_w==m_w)&&(a_h==m_h)) {
      if(a_force_res_owner) {
        a_res.copy(m_w,m_h,m_n,m_buffer);
      } else {
        a_res.set(m_w,m_h,m_n,m_buffer,false);
      }
      return true;
    }
  
    size_t sz = a_h*a_w*m_n;
    if(!sz) {
      a_res.make_empty();
      return false;
    }
  
    T* rb = new T[sz];
    if(!rb) {
      a_res.make_empty();
      return false;
    }

    double* pixels = new double[m_n]; //for mean value.
    if(!pixels) {
      delete [] rb;
      a_res.make_empty();
      return false;
    }
   {for(unsigned int ipix=0;ipix<m_n;ipix++) pixels[ipix] = 0;}

    unsigned int wfac = (unsigned int)(double(m_w)/double(a_w));
    unsigned int hfac = (unsigned int)(double(m_h)/double(a_h));
    if(!wfac) wfac = 1;
    if(!hfac) hfac = 1;

    double wfac_hfac = wfac*hfac;

    //::printf("debug : %d %d, %d %d\n",a_h,a_w,hfac,wfac);

    T* hpos;T* pos;T* hrpos;T* rpos;T* hhpos;T* _pos;double* ppos;
    unsigned int i,j,fr,fc,ipix,i0;
    unsigned int astride = a_w * m_n;
    unsigned int mstride = m_w * m_n;
    unsigned int wfacstride = wfac * m_n;

    for(j=0;j<a_h;j++) {
      hrpos = rb + j * astride;
      hhpos = m_buffer + j*hfac*mstride;
      for(i=0;i<a_w;i++) {

        // take mean value of wfac*hfac pixels :  

        i0 = i*wfacstride;

        hpos = hhpos;
        for(fr=0;fr<hfac;fr++,hpos+=mstride) {
          _pos = hpos + i0;
          for(fc=0;fc<wfac;fc++,_pos+=m_n) {
            pos = _pos;
            ppos = pixels;
            for(ipix=0;ipix<m_n;ipix++,pos++,ppos++) {
              *ppos += double(*pos)/wfac_hfac;
//              *ppos += double(*pos); //NOTE : doing the wfac_hfac division in the below loop is slower !
            }
          }
        }

        //position in the result image.
        rpos = hrpos + i*m_n;
        ppos = pixels;
        for(ipix=0;ipix<m_n;ipix++,rpos++,ppos++) {
          *rpos = T(*ppos);
//          *rpos = T((*ppos)/wfac_hfac); //slower !
          *ppos = 0;
        }
      }
    }

    delete [] pixels;

    a_res.set(a_w,a_h,m_n,rb,true);
    return true;
  }

  bool contract(unsigned int a_factor,img<T>& a_res,bool a_force_res_owner = true) const {
    // a_factor pixels are contracted in one.
    unsigned int nw = m_w/a_factor;
    unsigned int nh = m_h/a_factor;
    return contract(nw,nh,a_res,a_force_res_owner);
  }

  template <class TTO>
  bool convert(img<TTO>& a_res) const {
    a_res.make_empty();

    unsigned int sz = m_w*m_h*m_n;
    if(!sz) return false;

    TTO* _buffer = new TTO[sz];
    if(!_buffer) return false;

    unsigned int i,j,ipix,imn;
    unsigned int mwn = m_w*m_n;    
    T* _pos;T* pos;
    TTO* _rpos;TTO* rpos;

    for(j=0;j<m_h;j++) {
      _pos = m_buffer + j*mwn;
      _rpos = _buffer + j*mwn;
      for(i=0;i<m_w;i++) {
        imn = i*m_n;
        pos = _pos + imn;
        rpos = _rpos + imn;  
        for(ipix=0;ipix<m_n;ipix++,pos++,rpos++) *rpos = *pos;  
      }
    }
  
    a_res.set(m_w,m_h,m_n,_buffer,true);  
    return true;
  }

  bool get_part(unsigned int a_sx,unsigned int a_sy,unsigned int a_sw,unsigned int a_sh,img<T>& a_res) const {

    if((a_sx>=m_w)||(a_sy>=m_h)){
      a_res.make_empty();
      return false;
    }
  
    // 012345
    unsigned int rw = min_of<unsigned int>(m_w-a_sx,a_sw); 
    unsigned int rh = min_of<unsigned int>(m_h-a_sy,a_sh); 
    unsigned int sz = rh*rw*m_n;
    if(!sz) {
      a_res.make_empty();
      return false;
    }
  
    T* rb = new T[sz];
    if(!rb) {
      a_res.make_empty();
      return false;
    }
  
    unsigned int rstride = rw * m_n;
    T* rpos = rb;

    unsigned int stride = m_w * m_n;
    T* pos = m_buffer+a_sy*stride+a_sx*m_n;

    //T* mx = m_buffer+size();
    //T* rmx = rb+sz*sizeof(T);

    for(unsigned int j=0;j<rh;j++,rpos+=rstride,pos+=stride) {//j=0 -> bottom.
/*
      if((pos+rstride*sizeof(T))>mx) {
        ::printf("debug : get_part : buffer overflow\n");
        delete [] rb;
        a_res.make_empty();
        return false;
      }
      if((rpos+rstride*sizeof(T))>rmx) {
        ::printf("debug : get_part : result buffer overflow\n");
        delete [] rb;
        a_res.make_empty();
        return false;
      }
*/
      ::memcpy(rpos,pos,rstride*sizeof(T));
    }

    a_res.set(rw,rh,m_n,rb,true);  
    return true;
  }

  bool to_texture(bool a_expand,
                  const T a_pixel[], //size shoulde be a_img.m_n.
                  img<T>& a_res,bool a_res_force_owner = true) const {

    //NOTE : pixels of the original image are not expanded or shrinked.

    if((!m_w)||(!m_h)) {
      a_res.make_empty();
      return false;
    }

    // in case (m_w==1)||(m_h==1), expand the pixel
    // up to the closest power of 2 ?

    if((m_w==1)||(m_h==1)||a_expand) {
      // find closest power of two upper than m_w, m_h :
      unsigned int rw = 2;
      while(true) {if(rw>=m_w) break;rw *=2;}
      unsigned int rh = 2;
      while(true) {if(rh>=m_h) break;rh *=2;}
    
      if((rw==m_w)&&(rh==m_h)) { //exact match.
        if(a_res_force_owner) {
          a_res.copy(m_w,m_h,m_n,m_buffer);
        } else {
          a_res.set(m_w,m_h,m_n,m_buffer,false); //WARNING owner=false.
        }
        return true;
      }

      // we expand the image and fill new spaces with a_pixel.
  
      T* rb = 0;
      bool res_set = true;
      if(a_res.owner()&&(a_res.size()==(rh*rw*m_n))) {
        // a_res has already the right allocation.
        rb = a_res.buffer();
        res_set = false;
      } else {
        rb = new T[rh*rw*m_n];
        if(!rb) {
          a_res.make_empty();
          return false;
        }
      }
    
      unsigned int num = rw*m_n; 

      // initialize with given color :
     {T* pos = rb;
      for(unsigned int i=0;i<rw;i++,pos+=m_n) {
        ::memcpy(pos,a_pixel,m_n*sizeof(T));
      }
      unsigned int sz = num*sizeof(T);
      for(unsigned int j=1;j<rh;j++,pos+=num) {  //j=0 -> bottom.
        ::memcpy(pos,rb,sz);
      }}
    
      // center :
      unsigned int col = (rw-m_w)/2;  
      unsigned int row = (rh-m_h)/2;  
    
      unsigned int mnum = m_w*m_n; 

      // copy original image in a centered part of the new one :
     {T* pos = m_buffer;
      T* rpos = rb+row*num+col*m_n;
      unsigned int sz = mnum*sizeof(T);
      for(unsigned int j=0;j<m_h;j++,pos+=mnum,rpos+=num) {
        ::memcpy(rpos,pos,sz);
      }}

      if(res_set) a_res.set(rw,rh,m_n,rb,true);
    
      return true;
    } else {
      // then m_w>=2 and m_h>=2
  
      // find closest power of two lower than m_w, m_h :
      unsigned int sw = 2;
      while(true) {if((sw*2)>m_w) break;sw *=2;}
      unsigned int sh = 2;
      while(true) {if((sh*2)>m_h) break;sh *=2;}
  
      if((sw==m_w)&&(sh==m_h)) { //exact match.
        if(a_res_force_owner) {
          a_res.copy(m_w,m_h,m_n,m_buffer);
        } else {
          a_res.set(m_w,m_h,m_n,m_buffer,false); //WARNING owner=false.
        }
        return true;
      }
  
      unsigned int sx = (m_w-sw)/2;
      unsigned int sy = (m_h-sh)/2;
  
      return get_part(sx,sy,sw,sh,a_res);
    }
  
  }

  bool check_gl_limit(unsigned int a_GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE,img<T>& a_res) const {
    // if ret true and a_res.is_empty(), "this" does not exceeds the limit.
    // if ret true and !a_res.is_empty(), "this" exceeds the limit and a new fitting image is returned in a_res.
    // if ret false, "this" exceeds the limit but something went wrong in building a_res.
    unsigned int tw = m_w;
    unsigned int th = m_h;
    if((tw<=a_GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE)&&(th<=a_GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE)) {
      a_res.make_empty();
      return true;
    }
    unsigned int fac = 2;
    while(true) {
      unsigned int pw = tw/fac;
      unsigned int ph = th/fac;
      if((pw<=a_GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE)&&(ph<=a_GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE)) {
        //unsigned int sx = (tw-pw)/2;
        //unsigned int sy = (th-ph)/2;
        //if(!get_part(sx,sy,pw,ph,a_res)) {
        if(!contract(fac,a_res)) {
          a_res.make_empty();
          return false;
        }
        return true;
      }
      fac *= 2;
    }
    a_res.make_empty();
    return false;
  }

  bool bw2x(unsigned int a_n,img<T>& a_res) const {
    //expect a bw img.
    if(m_n!=1) return false;

    a_res.make_empty();
    if(a_n<m_n) return false;
    unsigned int sz = m_w*m_h*a_n;
    if(!sz) return false;

    a_res.m_buffer = new T[sz];
    if(!a_res.m_buffer) return false;
    a_res.m_owner = true;
    a_res.m_w = m_w;
    a_res.m_h = m_h;
    a_res.m_n = a_n;

    for(unsigned int j=0;j<m_h;j++) {
      for(unsigned int i=0;i<m_w;i++) {
        //position in the original image.
        T* pos = m_buffer + j * (m_w * m_n) + i*m_n;
  
        T* rpos = a_res.m_buffer + j * (m_w * a_n) + i*a_n;
  
        for(unsigned int ipix=0;ipix<a_n;ipix++) {
          *(rpos+ipix) = *pos;
        }
  
      }
    }
  
    return true;
  }

  bool yswap(img<T>& a_res) const {
    a_res.make_empty();

    a_res.m_buffer = new T[size()];
    if(!a_res.m_buffer) return false;
    a_res.m_owner = true;
    a_res.m_w = m_w;
    a_res.m_h = m_h;
    a_res.m_n = m_n;

    unsigned int stride = m_w * m_n;

    for(unsigned int j=0;j<m_h;j++) {
      T* pos = m_buffer + j * stride;
      T* rpos = a_res.m_buffer + (m_h-j-1) * stride;
      ::memcpy(rpos,pos,stride*sizeof(T));
    }

    return true;
  }

  bool rgba2rgb(img<T>& a_res) const {
    if(m_n!=4) return false;

    unsigned int a_n = 3;

    a_res.make_empty();
    unsigned int sz = m_w*m_h*a_n;
    if(!sz) return false;

    a_res.m_buffer = new T[sz];
    if(!a_res.m_buffer) return false;
    a_res.m_owner = true;
    a_res.m_w = m_w;
    a_res.m_h = m_h;
    a_res.m_n = a_n;

    for(unsigned int j=0;j<m_h;j++) {
      for(unsigned int i=0;i<m_w;i++) {
        //position in the original image.
        T* pos = m_buffer + j * (m_w * m_n) + i*m_n;
  
        T* rpos = a_res.m_buffer + j * (m_w * a_n) + i*a_n;
  
        for(unsigned int ipix=0;ipix<a_n;ipix++) {
          *(rpos+ipix) = *(pos+ipix);
        }
  
      }
    }
  
    return true;
  }

  bool rgb2rgba(img<T>& a_res,const T& a_pixel) const {
    if(m_n!=3) return false;

    unsigned int a_n = 4;

    a_res.make_empty();
    unsigned int sz = m_w*m_h*a_n;
    if(!sz) return false;

    a_res.m_buffer = new T[sz];
    if(!a_res.m_buffer) return false;
    a_res.m_owner = true;
    a_res.m_w = m_w;
    a_res.m_h = m_h;
    a_res.m_n = a_n;

    for(unsigned int j=0;j<m_h;j++) {
      for(unsigned int i=0;i<m_w;i++) {
        //position in the original image.
        T* pos = m_buffer + j * (m_w * m_n) + i*m_n;
  
        T* rpos = a_res.m_buffer + j * (m_w * a_n) + i*a_n;
  
        for(unsigned int ipix=0;ipix<m_n;ipix++) {
          *(rpos+ipix) = *(pos+ipix);
        }
        *(rpos+3) = a_pixel;
  
      }
    }
  
    return true;
  }

public:
  static bool concatenate(const std::vector< img<T> >& a_imgs,
                          unsigned int a_cols,unsigned int a_rows,
                          unsigned int a_bw,unsigned int a_bh,
                          T a_bc, //border grey level.
                          img<T>& a_res){
    // We assume that a_imgs.size() is a_cols*a_rows and that all images have same (w,h,bpp).

    unsigned int num = a_cols*a_rows;
    if(!num) {a_res.make_empty();return false;}

    unsigned int aw = a_imgs[0].m_w;
    unsigned int ah = a_imgs[0].m_h;
    unsigned int an = a_imgs[0].m_n;

    for(unsigned int index=1;index<num;index++) {
      if(a_imgs[index].m_n!=an) {
        a_res.make_empty();
        return false;
      }
      if(a_imgs[index].m_w!=aw) {
        a_res.make_empty();
        return false;
      }
      if(a_imgs[index].m_h!=ah) {
        a_res.make_empty();
        return false;
      }
    }
  
    unsigned int wbw = aw + 2*a_bw;
    unsigned int hbh = ah + 2*a_bh;
  
    unsigned int rw = wbw * a_cols;
    unsigned int rh = hbh * a_rows;
    unsigned int rn = an;
  
    //printf("debug : %d %d\n",rw,rh);
  
    // on big concatenated image the below may fail :
    unsigned int rsz = rh*rw*rn;
    T* rb = new T[rsz];
    if(!rb) {
      a_res.make_empty();
      return false;
    }
  
    bool has_border = a_bw||a_bh?true:false;
    if(has_border) {
      ::memset(rb,a_bc,rsz*sizeof(T));
    }

    //optimize :
    //unsigned int wbwn = wbw*an;
    unsigned int awn = aw*an;
    unsigned int rwn = rw*an;
    unsigned int i,j,r;
    //unsigned int c;
    T* tile;T* pos;T* ptile;T* _pos;

    //copy tiles :  
    unsigned int index = 0;
    for(j=0;j<a_rows;j++) {
      for(i=0;i<a_cols;i++) {
        // index = a_cols*j+i
        tile = a_imgs[index].buffer();
  
        //if(has_border) {
        //  for(unsigned int r=0;r<hbh;r++) {
        //    T* pos = rb + (j*hbh+r)*rwn + i*wbwn;
        //    ::memset(pos,a_bc,wbwn*sizeof(T));
        //  }
        //}
  
        _pos = rb + (j*hbh+a_bh)*rwn + (i*wbw+a_bw)*rn;
       {for(r=0;r<ah;r++) {
//          pos = _pos + r*rwn;
//          ptile = tile + r*awn;        
//          for(c=0;c<awn;c++,pos++,ptile++) *pos = *ptile;
          ::memcpy(_pos+r*rwn,tile+r*awn,awn*sizeof(T)); //optimize. (bof, we do not gain a lot).
        }}
  
        index++;
      }
    }
  
    a_res.set(rw,rh,rn,rb,true);
    return true;
  }

protected:
  unsigned int m_w;
  unsigned int m_h;
  unsigned int m_n;
  T* m_buffer;
  bool m_owner;

private: static void check_instantiation() {img<float> dummy;}
};


typedef img<unsigned char> img_byte;

// NOTE : img_byte is ready for OpenGL glTexImage2D UNSIGNED_BYTE RGB.
//        For glTexImage2D, first row in m_buffer is bottom of image.

inline void tex_expand_size(unsigned int a_w,unsigned int& a_h,
                            unsigned int& a_ew,unsigned int& a_eh){
  // find closest power of two upper than a_w, a_h :
  a_ew = 2;
  while(true) {if(a_ew>=a_w) break;a_ew *=2;}
  a_eh = 2;
  while(true) {if(a_eh>=a_h) break;a_eh *=2;}    
}

}

#endif