Import Geant4 6.2.0 source tree
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Gabriele Cosmo
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Geant4 - Hadrontherapy example
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=========================================================
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README
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---------------------
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This example is developed by G.A.Pablo Cirrone, Giorgio Russo and
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Francesco Di Rosa of the Laboratori Nazionali del Sud - Istituto Nazionale
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di Fisica Nucleare, Via S. Sofia, 44 Catania, Sicily, Italy (www.lns.infn.it)
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The authors are supported by Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania and by the
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Dipartimento di Fisica of Catania University, Catania.
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The authors wish to thank Susanna Guatelli and Maria Grazia Pia for
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their support in the realization of the sensitive detector and
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Harald Paganetti (from NPTC, Massachussets (US)) for the
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help in the realization of the movement of the modulator wheel.
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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----> INTRODUCTION.
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The hadrontherapy example simulates a hadron therapy beam line.
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In particular the example models the specific proton therapy beam line
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installed at Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (INFN) in Catania, Sicily (Italy).
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For more information on the proton therapy center of Catania
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or/and proton/hadron therapy in general, please visit the
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pages:
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> www.lns.infn.it/~catana
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----> GEOMETRY SET-UP.
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The elements simulated are:
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1. A scattering system, to spread geometrically the beam;
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2. A system of collimators, to avoid the scattering radiation;
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3. A modulation system that spreads the beam in energy and
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produces the so-called spread out bragg peak;
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It is constituted by a rotating wheel of different thichnesses.
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The wheel rotates around is axis (parallel to the proton
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beam axis) and its movement can be obtained by means of a
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messenger between runs.
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4. A set of monitor chambers (special transmission ionisation
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chambers used to control hadron flux during the irradiation);
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5. A "nozzle" and a final collimator defining the final shape
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of the beam before reaching the patient.
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6. A water phantom: it is a box of water inside of which the
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dosimeter is placed; the dosimeter performs the measurements of
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dose distributions.
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The use of the water phantom is required by the international protocol
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on the measure of dose in the case of proton and ion beams (IAEA 398, 2000).
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7. A "Markus" ionisation chamber, to reconstruct the depth dose distribution
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(Bragg curve).
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8. A radiographic film, to evaluate the beam lateral dose
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distribution, registering the spatial distribution of the
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primary particles
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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----> 1.EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP.
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The application fully simulates the proton therapy beam line
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installed at Laboratori Nazionali del Sud. Inside the water
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phantom (placed at the end of the proton beam line) the Markus ionisation
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chamber and a radiographic film are located; these elements permit the
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reconstruction of the Bragg curve (registered on the file BraggPeak.out)
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and of the lateral and energy distribution of the particles (registered
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on the files energyDistribution.out and angularDistribution.out). Please
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see later for the description of the produced files.
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The Markus chamber is realized by means of a water cylinder (placed inside
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the water phantom) with its main axis coincident with proton beam axis.
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The cylinder is divided in slices and the energy deposit in each slide is
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collected at the end of each run. The default thickness of the slices
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is 2 micron.
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The radiographic film is simulated by a plane. It is located, by default,
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at the entrance window of the water phantom (the isocenter point) and
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its thickness is 1. mm.
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------
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----> 2.SET-UP
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- a standard Geant4 example GNUmakefile is provided
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setup with:
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compiler = gcc-3.2.3
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G4SYSTEM = linux-g++
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The following section reports the necessary environment variables
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necessary for the run of Hadrontherapy.
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----> 2.1 ENVIROMENT VARIABLES
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- G4SYSTEM = Linux-g++
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- G4INSTALL points to the installation directory of GEANT4;
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- G4LIB point to the compiled libraries of GEANT4;
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- G4WORKDIR points to the work directory;
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- CLHEP_BASE_DIR points to the installation directory of CHLEP;
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- G4LEVELGAMMADATA points to the photoevaporation library;
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- NeutronHPCrossSections points to the neutron data files;
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- G4RADIOACTIVEDATA points to the libraries for radio-active decay
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hadronic processes;
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- G4LEDATA points to the low energy electromagnetic libraries
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- LD_LIBRARY_PATH = $CLHEP_BASE_DIR/lib
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----> 2.2 VISUALISATION
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The user can visualise the experimental set-up with OpenGL, DAWN and vrml
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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----> 3. HOW TO RUN THE EXAMPLE.
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In interactive mode:
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> $G4WORDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Hadrontherapy
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The defaultMacro.mac is executed
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The primary particle beam parameter are:
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Radiation: proton beam;
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Energy distribution: gaussian;
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Mean energy: 63.4 MeV;
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Energy spread: 300 keV;
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Beam spot size: 1 mm;
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Beam angular spread: 0.057 deg;
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Cut per region feature permits to set different cut in different regions.
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In this example it is sufficient to set a small cut inside the dosemeter
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(where the information of dose distribution is collected).
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Default values are:
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cut = 10 mm along the beam line;
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cut = 0.2 mm inside the dosemeter;
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The modulator wheel can be rotated via the messenger:
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Idle>/modulator/angle/modAngle xx deg
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It is sufficient to rotate the modulator from 0 deg (default position)
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to 45 deg using 1 deg steps to obtain a Spread Out Bragg Peak (SOBP).
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Modulator wheel can be omitted setting its material air.
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run $G4WORKDIR/bin/Linux-g++/Hadrontherapy visualisation.mac
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to visualise the experimental set-up with OpenGL
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------
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----> 4. PHYSICS
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Electromagnetic and hadronic processes are modeled.
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The LowEnergy package is used to model the electromagnetic processes
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of all the particles involved in the experimental set-up.
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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----> 5. SIMULATION OUTPUT
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The output is in ASCII file format:
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1.) BraggPeak.out: a two columns file.
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The first column represent depth in water (mm), the second contains the energy
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deposit (MeV).
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2.) energyDistribution.out: a two columns file.
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The first column contains the energy deposit (in MeV) by primary particles
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in the plane (radiographic film) positioned at isocenter.
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The second column indicates the number of the primary particle
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responsible for the energy deposit.
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3.) angularDistribution.out: a three columns file.
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It contains the coordinates in millimeters (x, y, z) of a primary
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particle interacting with the plane representing the radiographic film.
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x direction is along the beam direction,
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y and z directions are orthogonal to the beam direction.
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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----> 6. FUTURE PLANS
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Next planned improvements will be:
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** Use of AIDA and PI analysis tools to store the results of the
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simulation in .xml/.hbk files
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** Addition of messengers to interactively change position, dimension
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and composition of all the beam line elements and of the
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simulated dosimetric systems and to change cut values;
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** Addition of messenger to change energy, energy spread,
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beam spot size and angular divergence of the proton beam;
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** Realization of the read-out-geometry: this will permit to collect
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the energy deposit inside a voxelized three dimensional volume.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------
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for comments, advices, doubts and questions please contact:
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cirrone@lns.infn.it, giorgiorusso@lns.infn.it
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last modified: Susanna Guatelli, 28/5/2004
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