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///\file "electromagnetic/TestEm5/.README.txt"
///\brief Example TestEm5 README page
/*! \page ExampleTestEm5 Example TestEm5
How to study the transmission, absorption and reflection of particles through
a single, thin or thick, layer of material.
In particular, the effects of the multiple scattering can be plotted.
\section TestEm5_s1 GEOMETRY DEFINITION
The "absorber" is a box made of a given material.
Three parameters define the absorber :
- the material of the absorber,
- the thickness of an absorber,
- the transverse size of the absorber (the input face is a square).
A volume "World" contains the "absorber".
In addition a transverse uniform magnetic field can be applied.
The default geometry is constructed in DetectorConstruction class, but all the
parameters can be changed via commands defined in the DetectorMessenger class.
The parameters of the "World" can be changed, too. However, if World material
is not set to vacuum, the plots 10->43 below may be not pertinent.
\section TestEm5_s2 PHYSICS LIST
Physics lists are based on modular design. Several modules are instantiated:
1. Transportation
2. EM physics
3. Decays
4. StepMax - for step limitation
EM physics builders can be local (eg. in this example) or from G4 kernel
physics_lists subdirectory.
Local physics builders:
- "local" standard EM physics with current 'best' options setting
these options are explicited in PhysListEmStandard
- "standardSSM" standard EM physics with alternative single Coulomb
scattering model instead of multiple scattering.
From geant4/source/physics_lists/builders:
- "emstandard_opt0" recommended standard EM physics for LHC
- "emstandard_opt1" best CPU performance standard physics for LHC
- "emstandard_opt2" similar fast simulation
- "emstandard_opt3" best standard EM options - analog to "local" above
- "emstandard_opt4" best current advanced EM options standard + lowenergy
- "emstandardWVI" standard EM physics and WentzelVI multiple scattering
- "emstandardSS" standard EM physics and single scattering model
- "emlivermore" low-energy EM physics using Livermore data
- "empenelope" low-energy EM physics implementing Penelope models
- "emlowenergy" low-energy EM physics implementing experimental
low-energy models
Physics lists and options can be (re)set with UI commands
Please, notice that options set through G4EmProcessOptions are global, eg
for all particle types. In G4 builders, it is shown how to set options per
particle type.
\section TestEm5_s3 AN EVENT : THE PRIMARY GENERATOR
The primary kinematic consists of a single particle which hits the absorber
perpendicular to the input face. The type of the particle and its energy are
set in the PrimaryGeneratorAction class, and can be changed via the G4 build-in
commands of G4ParticleGun class (see the macros provided with this example).
In addition one can choose randomly the impact point of the incident particle.
The interactive command is built in PrimaryGeneratorMessenger class.
\section TestEm5_s4 VISUALIZATION
The Visualization Manager is set in the main () (see TestEm5.cc).
The initialisation of the drawing is done via the commands in vis.mac
In interactive session:
\verbatim
PreInit or Idle > /control/execute vis.mac
\endverbatim
The example has a default view which is a longitudinal view of the detector.
The tracks are drawn at the end of event, and erased at the end of run.
Optionally one can choose to draw all particles, only the charged, or none.
This command is defined in EventActionMessenger class.
\section TestEm5_s5 TRACKING
During the tracking, one can keep or not the secondaries : see StackingAction
class and its Messenger (StackingMessenger).
One can also limit 'by hand' the step lenght of the particle. As an example,
this limitation is implemented as a 'full' process : see StepMax class and its
Messenger. The 'StepMax process' is registered in the Physics List.
\section TestEm5_s6 DETECTOR RESPONSE
At the end of a run, from the histogram(s), one can study different
physics quantities such as :
- energy deposit in the absorber,
- energy spectrum of secondaries at creation,
- energy spectrum and angle distribution of particles at exit,
- transmission and backscattering coefficients,
- ...
\section TestEm5_s7 List of the built-in histograms
The test contains more than 60 built-in 1D histograms, which are managed by
G4AnalysisManager class and its Messenger. The histos can be individually activated
with the command :
\verbatim
/analysis/h1/set id nbBins valMin valMax unit
\endverbatim
where unit is the desired unit for the histo (MeV or keV, deg or mrad, etc..)
(see the macros xxxx.mac).
- 1 : "energy deposit in absorber"
- 2 : "energy of charged secondaries at creation"
- 3 : "energy of neutral secondaries at creation"
- 4 : "energy of charged at creation (log10(Ekin))"
- 5 : "energy of neutral at creation (log10(Ekin))"
- 6 : "x_vertex of charged secondaries (all)"
- 7 : "x_vertex of charged secondaries (not absorbed)"
- 10 : "(transmit, charged) : kinetic energy at exit of world"
- 11 : "(transmit, charged) : ener fluence: dE(MeV)/dOmega"
- 12 : "(transmit, charged) : space angle dN/dOmega"
- 13 : "(transmit, charged) : projected angle at exit of world"
- 14 : "(transmit, charged) : projected position at exit of world"
- 15 : "(transmit, charged) : radius at exit of world"
- 20 : "(transmit, neutral) : kinetic energy at exit of world"
- 21 : "(transmit, neutral) : ener fluence: dE(MeV)/dOmega"
- 22 : "(transmit, neutral) : space angle dN/dOmega"
- 23 : "(transmit, neutral) : projected angle at exit of world"
- 30 : "(reflect , charged) : kinetic energy at exit of world"
- 31 : "(reflect , charged) : ener fluence: dE(MeV)/dOmega"
- 32 : "(reflect , charged) : space angle dN/dOmega"
- 33 : "(reflect , charged) : projected angle at exit of world"
- 40 : "(reflect , neutral) : kinetic energy at exit of world"
- 41 : "(reflect , neutral) : ener fluence: dE(MeV)/dOmega"
- 42 : "(reflect , neutral) : space angle dN/dOmega"
- 43 : "(reflect , neutral) : projected angle at exit of world"
- 50 : "energy of Auger e- at creation"
- 51 : "energy of fluorescence gamma at creation"
- 52 : "energy of Auger e- at creation (log scale)"
- 53 : "energy of fluorescence gamma at creation (log scale)"
- 54 : "energy of PIXE Auger e- at creation"
- 55 : "energy of PIXE gamma at creation"
- 56 : "energy of PIXE Auger e- at creation (log scale)"
- 57 : "energy of PIXE gamma at creation (log scale)"
- 58 : "energy of G4DNA Auger e- at creation"
- 59 : "energy of G4DNA gamma at creation"
- 60 : "energy of G4DNA Auger e- at creation (log scale)"
- 61 : "energy of G4DNA gamma at creation (log scale)"
One can control the name of the histograms file with the command:
\verbatim
/analysis/setFileName name (default testem5)
\endverbatim
It is possible to choose the format of the histogram file : root (default),
hbook, xml, csv, by using namespace in HistoManager.hh
It is also possible to print selected histograms on an ascii file:
\verbatim
/analysis/h1/setAscii id
\endverbatim
All selected histos will be written on a file name.ascii (default testem5)
\subsection TestEm5_subs1 Using hbook format
Need a special treatement : the Cern Library must be installed and the
environment variable CERNLIB correctly set. Then, *before* compiling,
activate G4_USE_HBOOK in GNUmakefile and g4hbook.hh in HistoManager.hh
\section TestEm5_s8 GEANT4/GEANT3/DATA COMPARISON
A Geant4/Geant3/exp. data comparison is given here for a few cases.
These cases can be classified as follow:
- e-/e+ incident particles versus protons and others.
- 3 energy regimes: low: < 1MeV; medium: 1MeV -> few 10MeV; high: > 100MeV
We indicate here the corresponding macros.
<pre>
| low energy | medium energy | high energy
--------------------------------------------------------
| acosta.mac | |
e-+ | berger.mac | hanson.mac |
| hunger.mac | kulchi.mac |
| tavola.mac | |
--------------------------------------------------------
others| bichsel.mac | vincour.mac | shen1.mac shen2.mac
| | gottsch.mac | tramu.mac
--------------------------------------------------------
</pre>
\section TestEm5_s9 HOW TO START ?
- Execute TestEm5 in 'batch' mode from macro files e.g.
\verbatim
% $(G4INSTALL)/bin/$(G4SYSTEM)/TestEm5 myMacro.mac
\endverbatim
- Execute TestEm5 in 'interactive' mode with visualization e.g.
\verbatim
% $(G4INSTALL)/bin/$(G4SYSTEM)/TestEm5
\endverbatim
Then type your commands, for instance :
\verbatim
Idle> control/execute vis.mac
Idle> run/beamOn 5
....
\endverbatim
Macros provided in this example:
- acosta.mac: Back x-ray emission by 20 keV electrons in Silver.
(E. Acosta et al. Journal of Applied Physics 83(11) 1998 page 6038,
Fig. 4-5-6)
- anthony.mac: LPM and dielectric effect measurement: 25 GeV electrons
through thin foils.
(P.L. Anthony et al. Phys.Rev. D 56 (1997) page 1373.)
- atima.mac: to test PhysListEm19DStandard for ions
- berger.mac: Energy deposit by 1 MeV electrons in silicon counters.
(M.J.Berger et al. NIM 69 (1969) page 181.)
- bichsel.mac: 0.766 MeV protons, transmitted through 1.37 mg/cm2 Al
(H.Bichsel Phys.Rev. 112 (1958) page 182.)
- dedx1.mac: to control dE/dx calculation.
- dedx2.mac: to control dE/dx calculation. High statistic and plot
- dna.mac: to illustrate DNA physics
- fluo.mac: to illustrate atomic deexcitation options
- gammaSpectrum.mac: to plot gamma spectrum with/without atomic deexcitation.
- geom.mac: to play with geometry (can be run interactively with visualization)
- gottsch.mac: 158.6 MeV protons, transmitted through 0.2160 g/cm2 Al
(B.Gottschalk et al. NIM B74 (1993) page 467.)
- hanson.mac: Angle distribution of 15.7 MeV electrons transmitted through
thin gold foils.
(A.O.Hanson et al. Phys.Rev.84 (1951) page 634.)
- hunger.mac: Back scattering of 41 keV electrons.
(H.J. Hunger and L. Kuchler Phys. Stat. Sol.(a) 56, K45 (1979))
- ion.mac: ion C12 in 1m Iron
- kulchi.mac: 2.25 MeV e-, transmitted through 26.60 mg/cm2 Al
(L.Kulchitsky Phys.Rev. 61 (1941) page 254.)
- mumsc.mac: 100 GeV mu+, transmitted through 1 m of iron
- mutev.mac: 1 TeV mu+, transmitted through 1 m of iron
- pixe.mac: to illustrate atomic deexcitation options
- pixe_ANSTO.mac: to illustrate how to activate the ANSTO PIXE data libraries.
for both cross sections and fluorescence radiation yields (for materials with Z < 93).
The cross sections are available for protons with energy < 5 MeV
and alpha particles with energy < 10 MeV/nucleon.
(S. Bakr et al. (2021) NIM B, 507:1119)
(S. Bakr et al (2018), NIMB B, 436: 285-291)
- posi.mac: to test PhysListEm19DStandard for positron
- shen1.mac: Angle distribution of high energy (50-200 GeV/c) protons
transmitted through different targets.
(G. Shen et al. Phys.Rev. D20 (1979) page 1584.)
- shen2.mac: proton 175 GeV/c, transmitted through 8.004 mm Al
(G. Shen et al. Phys.Rev. D20 (1979) page 1584.)
- stepMax.cc: to test the command /testem/stepMax
- tavora.mac: Back scattering of 35 keV electrons in Silver.
(L.M. Tavora et al. J.Phys.D: Appl. Phys. 33 (2000) page 2497,
Fig. 7)
- tramu.mac: 1 TeV mu+, transmitted through 3 m of iron
(Rev. of Particle Physics Eur. Phys. Jour. C (2000) page 172.
Rev. of Particle Physics Letters B 592 (2004) page 251.)
- vincour.mac: Angle distribution of 6.56 MeV protons transmitted through
thin silicon targets.
(J.Vincour,P.Bem NIM 148 (1978) page 396.)
- vis.mac - to activate visualization
*/
examples/extended/electromagnetic/TestEm5/README
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-----------------------------------------------------
=========================================================
Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
=========================================================
TestEm5
-------
How to study the transmission, absorption and reflection of particles through
a single, thin or thick, layer of material.
In particular, the effects of the multiple scattering can be plotted.
1- GEOMETRY DEFINITION
The "absorber" is a box made of a given material.
Three parameters define the absorber :
- the material of the absorber,
- the thickness of an absorber,
- the transverse size of the absorber (the input face is a square).
A volume "World" contains the "absorber".
In addition a transverse uniform magnetic field can be applied.
The default geometry is constructed in DetectorConstruction class, but all the
parameters can be changed via commands defined in the DetectorMessenger class.
The parameters of the "World" can be changed, too. However, if World material
is not set to vacuum, the plots 10->43 below may be not pertinent.
2- PHYSICS LIST
Physics lists are based on modular design. Several modules are instantiated:
1. Transportation
2. EM physics
3. Decays
4. StepMax - for step limitation
EM physics builders can be local (eg. in this example) or from G4 kernel
physics_lists subdirectory.
Local physics builders:
- "local" standard EM physics with current 'best' options setting
these options are explicited in PhysListEmStandard
- "standardSSM" standard EM physics with alternative single Coulomb
scattering model instead of multiple scattering.
From geant4/source/physics_lists/builders:
- "emstandard_opt0" recommended standard EM physics for LHC
- "emstandard_opt1" best CPU performance standard physics for LHC
- "emstandard_opt2" similar fast simulation
- "emstandard_opt3" best standard EM options - analog to "local" above
- "emstandard_opt4" best current advanced EM options standard + lowenergy
- "emstandardWVI" standard EM physics and WentzelVI multiple scattering
- "emstandardSS" standard EM physics and single scattering model
- "emlivermore" low-energy EM physics using Livermore data
- "empenelope" low-energy EM physics implementing Penelope models
- "emlowenergy" low-energy EM physics implementing experimental
low-energy models
Physics lists and options can be (re)set with UI commands
Please, notice that options set through G4EmProcessOptions are global, eg
for all particle types. In G4 builders, it is shown how to set options per
particle type.
3- AN EVENT : THE PRIMARY GENERATOR
The primary kinematic consists of a single particle which hits the absorber
perpendicular to the input face. The type of the particle and its energy are
set in the PrimaryGeneratorAction class, and can be changed via the G4
build-in commands of G4ParticleGun class (see the macros provided with this
example).
In addition one can choose randomly the impact point of the incident particle.
The interactive command is built in PrimaryGeneratorMessenger class.
4- VISUALIZATION
The Visualization Manager is set in the main().
The initialisation of the drawing is done via the commands in vis.mac
In interactive session:
PreInit or Idle > /control/execute vis.mac
The example has a default view which is a longitudinal view of the detector.
The tracks are drawn at the end of event, and erased at the end of run.
Optionally one can choose to draw all particles, only the charged, or none.
This command is defined in EventActionMessenger class.
5- TRACKING
During the tracking, one can keep or not the secondaries : see StackingAction
class and its Messenger (StackingMessenger).
One can also limit 'by hand' the step lenght of the particle. As an example,
this limitation is implemented as a 'full' process : see StepMax class and its
Messenger. The 'StepMax process' is registered in the Physics List.
6- DETECTOR RESPONSE
At the end of a run, from the histogram(s), one can study different
physics quantities such as :
- energy deposit in the absorber,
- energy spectrum of secondaries at creation,
- energy spectrum and angle distribution of particles at exit,
- transmission and backscattering coefficients,
- ...
7- List of the built-in histograms
----------------------------------
The test contains more than 60 built-in 1D histograms, which are managed by
G4AnalysisManager class and its Messenger. The histos can be individually activated
with the command :
/analysis/h1/set id nbBins valMin valMax unit
where unit is the desired unit for the histo (MeV or keV, deg or mrad, etc..)
(see the macros xxxx.mac).
1 "energy deposit in absorber"
2 "energy of charged secondaries at creation"
3 "energy of neutral secondaries at creation"
4 "energy of charged at creation (log10(Ekin))"
5 "energy of neutral at creation (log10(Ekin))"
6 "x_vertex of charged secondaries (all)"
7 "x_vertex of charged secondaries (not absorbed)"
10 "(transmit, charged) : kinetic energy at exit of world"
11 "(transmit, charged) : ener fluence: dE(MeV)/dOmega"
12 "(transmit, charged) : space angle dN/dOmega"
13 "(transmit, charged) : projected angle at exit of world"
14 "(transmit, charged) : projected position at exit of world"
15 "(transmit, charged) : radius at exit of world"
20 "(transmit, neutral) : kinetic energy at exit of world"
21 "(transmit, neutral) : ener fluence: dE(MeV)/dOmega"
22 "(transmit, neutral) : space angle dN/dOmega"
23 "(transmit, neutral) : projected angle at exit of world"
30 "(reflect , charged) : kinetic energy at exit of world"
31 "(reflect , charged) : ener fluence: dE(MeV)/dOmega"
32 "(reflect , charged) : space angle dN/dOmega"
33 "(reflect , charged) : projected angle at exit of world"
40 "(reflect , neutral) : kinetic energy at exit of world"
41 "(reflect , neutral) : ener fluence: dE(MeV)/dOmega"
42 "(reflect , neutral) : space angle dN/dOmega"
43 "(reflect , neutral) : projected angle at exit of world"
50 "energy of Auger e- at creation"
51 "energy of fluorescence gamma at creation"
52 "energy of Auger e- at creation (log scale)"
53 "energy of fluorescence gamma at creation (log scale)"
54 "energy of PIXE Auger e- at creation"
55 "energy of PIXE gamma at creation"
56 "energy of PIXE Auger e- at creation (log scale)"
57 "energy of PIXE gamma at creation (log scale)"
58 "energy of G4DNA Auger e- at creation"
59 "energy of G4DNA gamma at creation"
60 "energy of G4DNA Auger e- at creation (log scale)"
61 "energy of G4DNA gamma at creation (log scale)"
One can control the name of the histograms file with the command:
/analysis/setFileName name (default testem5)
It is possible to choose the format of the histogram file : root (default),
hbook, xml, csv, by using namespace in HistoManager.hh
It is also possible to print selected histograms on an ascii file:
/analysis/h1/setAscii id
All selected histos will be written on a file name.ascii (default testem5)
8- GEANT4/GEANT3/DATA COMPARISON
A Geant4/Geant3/exp. data comparison is given here for a few cases.
These cases can be classified as follow:
- e-/e+ incident particles versus protons and others.
- 3 energy regimes: low: < 1MeV; medium: 1MeV -> few 10MeV; high: > 100MeV
We indicate here the corresponding macros.
| low energy | medium energy | high energy
--------------------------------------------------------
| acosta.mac | |
e-+ | berger.mac | hanson.mac |
| hunger.mac | kulchi.mac |
| tavola.mac | |
--------------------------------------------------------
others| bichsel.mac | vincour.mac | shen1.mac shen2.mac
| | gottsch.mac | tramu.mac
--------------------------------------------------------
9- HOW TO START ?
- execute TestEm5 in 'batch' mode from macro files e.g.
% $(G4INSTALL)/bin/$(G4SYSTEM)/TestEm5 myMacro.mac
- execute TestEm5 in 'interactive' mode with visualization e.g.
% $(G4INSTALL)/bin/$(G4SYSTEM)/TestEm5
Then type your commands, for instance :
Idle> control/execute vis.mac
Idle> run/beamOn 5
....
Macros provided in this example:
- acosta.mac: Back x-ray emission by 20 keV electrons in Silver.
(E. Acosta et al. Journal of Applied Physics 83(11) 1998 page 6038,
Fig. 4-5-6)
- anthony.mac: LPM and dielectric effect measurement: 25 GeV electrons
through thin foils.
(P.L. Anthony et al. Phys.Rev. D 56 (1997) page 1373.)
- atima.mac: to test PhysListEm19DStandard for ions
- berger.mac: Energy deposit by 1 MeV electrons in silicon counters.
(M.J.Berger et al. NIM 69 (1969) page 181.)
- bichsel.mac: 0.766 MeV protons, transmitted through 1.37 mg/cm2 Al
(H.Bichsel Phys.Rev. 112 (1958) page 182.)
- dedx1.mac: to control dE/dx calculation.
- dedx2.mac: to control dE/dx calculation. High statistic and plot
- dna.mac: to illustrate DNA physics
- fluo.mac: to illustrate atomic deexcitation options
- gammaSpectrum.mac: to plot gamma spectrum with/without atomic deexcitation.
- geom.mac: to play with geometry (can be run interactively with visualization)
- gottsch.mac: 158.6 MeV protons, transmitted through 0.2160 g/cm2 Al
(B.Gottschalk et al. NIM B74 (1993) page 467.)
- hanson.mac: Angle distribution of 15.7 MeV electrons transmitted through
thin gold foils.
(A.O.Hanson et al. Phys.Rev.84 (1951) page 634.)
- hunger.mac: Back scattering of 41 keV electrons.
(H.J. Hunger and L. Kuchler Phys. Stat. Sol.(a) 56, K45 (1979))
- ion.mac: ion C12 in 1m Iron
- kulchi.mac: 2.25 MeV e-, transmitted through 26.60 mg/cm2 Al
(L.Kulchitsky Phys.Rev. 61 (1941) page 254.)
- mumsc.mac: 100 GeV mu+, transmitted through 1 m of iron
- mutev.mac: 1 TeV mu+, transmitted through 1 m of iron
- pixe.mac: to illustrate atomic deexcitation options
- pixe_ANSTO.mac: to illustrate how to activate the ANSTO PIXE data libraries,
for both cross sections and fluorescence radiation yields (for materials with Z < 93).
The cross sections are available for protons with energy < 5 MeV
and alpha particles with energy < 10 MeV/nucleon.
(S. Bakr et al. (2021) NIM B, 507:1119),
(S. Bakr et al (2018), NIMB B, 436: 285-291).
- posi.mac: to test PhysListEm19DStandard for positron
- shen1.mac: Angle distribution of high energy (50-200 GeV/c) protons
transmitted through different targets.
(G. Shen et al. Phys.Rev. D20 (1979) page 1584.)
- shen2.mac: proton 175 GeV/c, transmitted through 8.004 mm Al
(G. Shen et al. Phys.Rev. D20 (1979) page 1584.)
- stepMax.cc: to test the command /testem/stepMax
- tavora.mac: Back scattering of 35 keV electrons in Silver.
(L.M. Tavora et al. J.Phys.D: Appl. Phys. 33 (2000) page 2497,
Fig. 7)
- tramu.mac: 1 TeV mu+, transmitted through 3 m of iron
(Rev. of Particle Physics Eur. Phys. Jour. C (2000) page 172.
Rev. of Particle Physics Letters B 592 (2004) page 251.)
- vincour.mac: Angle distribution of 6.56 MeV protons transmitted through
thin silicon targets.
(J.Vincour,P.Bem NIM 148 (1978) page 396.)
- vis.mac - to activate visualization