Morten Hjorth-Jensen
371 lines
22 KiB
HTML
371 lines
22 KiB
HTML
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs001.html#plans-for-week-37-lecture-monday" style="font-size: 80%;">Plans for week 37, lecture Monday</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs002.html#plans-for-week-37-lab-sessions" style="font-size: 80%;">Plans for week 37, lab sessions</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs003.html#material-for-lecture-monday-september-9" style="font-size: 80%;">Material for lecture Monday September 9</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs004.html#deriving-ols-from-a-probability-distribution" style="font-size: 80%;">Deriving OLS from a probability distribution</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs005.html#independent-and-identically-distrubuted-iid" style="font-size: 80%;">Independent and Identically Distrubuted (iid)</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs006.html#maximum-likelihood-estimation-mle" style="font-size: 80%;">Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE)</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs007.html#a-new-cost-function" style="font-size: 80%;">A new Cost Function</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs008.html#more-basic-statistics-and-bayes-theorem" style="font-size: 80%;">More basic Statistics and Bayes' theorem</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs009.html#marginal-probability" style="font-size: 80%;">Marginal Probability</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs010.html#conditional-probability" style="font-size: 80%;">Conditional Probability</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs011.html#bayes-theorem" style="font-size: 80%;">Bayes' Theorem</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs012.html#interpretations-of-bayes-theorem" style="font-size: 80%;">Interpretations of Bayes' Theorem</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs013.html#example-of-usage-of-bayes-theorem" style="font-size: 80%;">Example of Usage of Bayes' theorem</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs014.html#doing-it-correctly" style="font-size: 80%;">Doing it correctly</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs015.html#bayes-theorem-and-ridge-and-lasso-regression" style="font-size: 80%;">Bayes' Theorem and Ridge and Lasso Regression</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs016.html#ridge-and-bayes" style="font-size: 80%;">Ridge and Bayes</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs017.html#lasso-and-bayes" style="font-size: 80%;">Lasso and Bayes</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs021.html#why-resampling-methods" style="font-size: 80%;">Why resampling methods</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs023.html#resampling-methods" style="font-size: 80%;">Resampling methods</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs020.html#resampling-approaches-can-be-computationally-expensive" style="font-size: 80%;">Resampling approaches can be computationally expensive</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs021.html#why-resampling-methods" style="font-size: 80%;">Why resampling methods ?</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs022.html#statistical-analysis" style="font-size: 80%;">Statistical analysis</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs023.html#resampling-methods" style="font-size: 80%;">Resampling methods</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs024.html#resampling-methods-bootstrap" style="font-size: 80%;">Resampling methods: Bootstrap</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs025.html#the-central-limit-theorem" style="font-size: 80%;">The Central Limit Theorem</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs026.html#finding-the-limit" style="font-size: 80%;">Finding the Limit</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs027.html#rewriting-the-delta-function" style="font-size: 80%;">Rewriting the \( \delta \)-function</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs028.html#identifying-terms" style="font-size: 80%;">Identifying Terms</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs029.html#wrapping-it-up" style="font-size: 80%;">Wrapping it up</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs030.html#confidence-intervals" style="font-size: 80%;">Confidence Intervals</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs031.html#standard-approach-based-on-the-normal-distribution" style="font-size: 80%;">Standard Approach based on the Normal Distribution</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs032.html#resampling-methods-bootstrap-background" style="font-size: 80%;">Resampling methods: Bootstrap background</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs033.html#resampling-methods-more-bootstrap-background" style="font-size: 80%;">Resampling methods: More Bootstrap background</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs034.html#resampling-methods-bootstrap-approach" style="font-size: 80%;">Resampling methods: Bootstrap approach</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs035.html#resampling-methods-bootstrap-steps" style="font-size: 80%;">Resampling methods: Bootstrap steps</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs036.html#code-example-for-the-bootstrap-method" style="font-size: 80%;">Code example for the Bootstrap method</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="#plotting-the-histogram" style="font-size: 80%;">Plotting the Histogram</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs038.html#the-bias-variance-tradeoff" style="font-size: 80%;">The bias-variance tradeoff</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs039.html#a-way-to-read-the-bias-variance-tradeoff" style="font-size: 80%;">A way to Read the Bias-Variance Tradeoff</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs040.html#example-code-for-bias-variance-tradeoff" style="font-size: 80%;">Example code for Bias-Variance tradeoff</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs041.html#understanding-what-happens" style="font-size: 80%;">Understanding what happens</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs042.html#summing-up" style="font-size: 80%;">Summing up</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs043.html#another-example-from-scikit-learn-s-repository" style="font-size: 80%;">Another Example from Scikit-Learn's Repository</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs044.html#various-steps-in-cross-validation" style="font-size: 80%;">Various steps in cross-validation</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs045.html#cross-validation-in-brief" style="font-size: 80%;">Cross-validation in brief</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs046.html#code-example-for-cross-validation-and-k-fold-cross-validation" style="font-size: 80%;">Code Example for Cross-validation and \( k \)-fold Cross-validation</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs047.html#more-examples-on-bootstrap-and-cross-validation-and-errors" style="font-size: 80%;">More examples on bootstrap and cross-validation and errors</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs048.html#the-same-example-but-now-with-cross-validation" style="font-size: 80%;">The same example but now with cross-validation</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs049.html#material-for-the-lab-sessions" style="font-size: 80%;">Material for the lab sessions</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs050.html#linking-the-regression-analysis-with-a-statistical-interpretation" style="font-size: 80%;">Linking the regression analysis with a statistical interpretation</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs051.html#assumptions-made" style="font-size: 80%;">Assumptions made</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs052.html#expectation-value-and-variance" style="font-size: 80%;">Expectation value and variance</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week37-bs053.html#expectation-value-and-variance-for-boldsymbol-beta" style="font-size: 80%;">Expectation value and variance for \( \boldsymbol{\beta} \)</a></li>
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<!-- !split -->
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<h2 id="plotting-the-histogram" class="anchor">Plotting the Histogram </h2>
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<!-- code=python (!bc pycod) typeset with pygments style "default" -->
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<pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span style="color: #408080; font-style: italic"># the histogram of the bootstrapped data (normalized data if density = True)</span>
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n, binsboot, patches <span style="color: #666666">=</span> plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>hist(t, <span style="color: #666666">50</span>, density<span style="color: #666666">=</span><span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">True</span>, facecolor<span style="color: #666666">=</span><span style="color: #BA2121">'red'</span>, alpha<span style="color: #666666">=0.75</span>)
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<span style="color: #408080; font-style: italic"># add a 'best fit' line </span>
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y <span style="color: #666666">=</span> norm<span style="color: #666666">.</span>pdf(binsboot, np<span style="color: #666666">.</span>mean(t), np<span style="color: #666666">.</span>std(t))
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lt <span style="color: #666666">=</span> plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>plot(binsboot, y, <span style="color: #BA2121">'b'</span>, linewidth<span style="color: #666666">=1</span>)
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plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>xlabel(<span style="color: #BA2121">'x'</span>)
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plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>ylabel(<span style="color: #BA2121">'Probability'</span>)
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plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>grid(<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">True</span>)
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plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>show()
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</pre>
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