mhjensen
264 lines
14 KiB
HTML
264 lines
14 KiB
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'sections': [('What is Machine Learning?', 2, None, '___sec0'),
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs001.html#___sec0" style="font-size: 80%;">What is Machine Learning?</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs002.html#___sec1" style="font-size: 80%;">Types of Machine Learning</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs003.html#___sec2" style="font-size: 80%;">Different algorithms</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs004.html#___sec3" style="font-size: 80%;">Software and needed installations</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs005.html#___sec4" style="font-size: 80%;">Python installers</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs006.html#___sec5" style="font-size: 80%;">Installing R, C++, cython or Julia</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs007.html#___sec6" style="font-size: 80%;">Installing R, C++, cython or Julia</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs008.html#___sec7" style="font-size: 80%;">Introduction to Jupyter notebook and available tools</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs009.html#___sec8" style="font-size: 80%;">Representing data, more examples</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs010.html#___sec9" style="font-size: 80%;">Predator-Prey model from ecology</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs011.html#___sec10" style="font-size: 80%;">Case study from Hudson bay</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="#___sec11" style="font-size: 80%;">Hudson bay data</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs013.html#___sec12" style="font-size: 80%;">Plotting the data</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs014.html#___sec13" style="font-size: 80%;">Hares and lynx in Hudson bay from 1900 to 1920</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs015.html#___sec14" style="font-size: 80%;">Why now create a computer model for the hare and lynx populations?</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs016.html#___sec15" style="font-size: 80%;">The traditional (top-down) approach</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs017.html#___sec16" style="font-size: 80%;">Basic mathematics notation</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs018.html#___sec17" style="font-size: 80%;">Basic dynamics of the population of hares</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs019.html#___sec18" style="font-size: 80%;">Basic dynamics of the population of lynx</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs020.html#___sec19" style="font-size: 80%;">Evolution equations</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs021.html#___sec20" style="font-size: 80%;">Adapt the model to the Hudson Bay case</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs022.html#___sec21" style="font-size: 80%;">The program</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs023.html#___sec22" style="font-size: 80%;">The plot</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs024.html#___sec23" style="font-size: 80%;">Linear regression in Python</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs025.html#___sec24" style="font-size: 80%;">Linear Least squares in R</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._How2ReadData-bs026.html#___sec25" style="font-size: 80%;">Non-Linear Least squares in R</a></li>
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<h2 id="___sec11" class="anchor">Hudson bay data </h2>
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<p> <!-- subsequent paragraphs come in larger fonts, so start with a paragraph -->
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<p>
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Most mammalian predators rely on a variety of prey, which complicates mathematical modeling; however, a few predators have become highly specialized and seek almost exclusively a single prey species. An example of this simplified predator-prey interaction is seen in Canadian northern forests, where the populations of the lynx and the snowshoe hare are intertwined in a life and death struggle.
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<p>
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One reason that this particular system has been so extensively studied is that the Hudson Bay company kept careful records of all furs from the early 1800s into the 1900s. The records for the furs collected by the Hudson Bay company showed distinct oscillations (approximately 12 year periods), suggesting that these species caused almost periodic fluctuations of each other's populations. The table here shows data from 1900 to 1920.
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<table class="table table-striped table-hover table-condensed">
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<thead>
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<tr><td align="center"><b>Year</b></td> <td align="center"><b>Hares (x1000)</b></td> <td align="center"><b>Lynx (x1000)</b></td> </tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1900 </td> <td align="right"> 30.0 </td> <td align="right"> 4.0 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1901 </td> <td align="right"> 47.2 </td> <td align="right"> 6.1 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1902 </td> <td align="right"> 70.2 </td> <td align="right"> 9.8 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1903 </td> <td align="right"> 77.4 </td> <td align="right"> 35.2 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1904 </td> <td align="right"> 36.3 </td> <td align="right"> 59.4 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1905 </td> <td align="right"> 20.6 </td> <td align="right"> 41.7 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1906 </td> <td align="right"> 18.1 </td> <td align="right"> 19.0 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1907 </td> <td align="right"> 21.4 </td> <td align="right"> 13.0 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1908 </td> <td align="right"> 22.0 </td> <td align="right"> 8.3 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1909 </td> <td align="right"> 25.4 </td> <td align="right"> 9.1 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1910 </td> <td align="right"> 27.1 </td> <td align="right"> 7.4 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1911 </td> <td align="right"> 40.3 </td> <td align="right"> 8.0 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1912 </td> <td align="right"> 57 </td> <td align="right"> 12.3 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1913 </td> <td align="right"> 76.6 </td> <td align="right"> 19.5 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1914 </td> <td align="right"> 52.3 </td> <td align="right"> 45.7 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1915 </td> <td align="right"> 19.5 </td> <td align="right"> 51.1 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1916 </td> <td align="right"> 11.2 </td> <td align="right"> 29.7 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1917 </td> <td align="right"> 7.6 </td> <td align="right"> 15.8 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1918 </td> <td align="right"> 14.6 </td> <td align="right"> 9.7 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1919 </td> <td align="right"> 16.2 </td> <td align="right"> 10.1 </td> </tr>
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<tr><td align="left"> 1920 </td> <td align="right"> 24.7 </td> <td align="right"> 8.6 </td> </tr>
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