lars/FYS-STK4155
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity
Files
5c6c05efbe058f033f3f35def695f64a7c70b9ce
FYS-STK4155/doc/pub/BM/html/._BM-bs049.html
T
mhjensen a937f15590 correcting typos
2018-11-29 05:31:05 +01:00

436 lines
22 KiB
HTML
Raw Blame History

<!--
Automatically generated HTML file from DocOnce source
(https://github.com/hplgit/doconce/)
-->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="DocOnce: https://github.com/hplgit/doconce/" />
<meta name="description" content="Machine Learning and Boltzmann machines with applications">
<title>Machine Learning and Boltzmann machines with applications</title>
<!-- Bootstrap style: bootstrap -->
<link href="https://netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.1.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<!-- not necessary
<link href="https://netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.0.3/css/font-awesome.css" rel="stylesheet">
-->
<style type="text/css">
/* Add scrollbar to dropdown menus in bootstrap navigation bar */
.dropdown-menu {
height: auto;
max-height: 400px;
overflow-x: hidden;
}
/* Adds an invisible element before each target to offset for the navigation
bar */
.anchor::before {
content:"";
display:block;
height:50px; /* fixed header height for style bootstrap */
margin:-50px 0 0; /* negative fixed header height */
}
</style>
</head>
<!-- tocinfo
{'highest level': 2,
'sections': [('Types of Machine Learning, a repetition', 2, None, '___sec0'),
('Why Boltzmann machines?', 2, None, '___sec1'),
('An intermediate step, the Hopfield network and links to the '
'Ising and Potts models',
2,
None,
'___sec2'),
('A brief review on Markov Chains, Metropolis and Gibbs sampling',
2,
None,
'___sec3'),
('Brownian motion and Markov processes', 2, None, '___sec4'),
('Brownian motion and Markov processes, Ergodicity and Detailed '
'balance',
2,
None,
'___sec5'),
('Brownian motion and Markov processes, jargon',
2,
None,
'___sec6'),
('Brownian motion and Markov processes, sequence of ingredients',
2,
None,
'___sec7'),
('Applications: almost every field in science',
2,
None,
'___sec8'),
('Markov processes', 2, None, '___sec9'),
('Markov processes', 2, None, '___sec10'),
('Markov processes, the probabilities', 2, None, '___sec11'),
('Markov processes', 2, None, '___sec12'),
('An Illustrative Example', 2, None, '___sec13'),
('An Illustrative Example', 2, None, '___sec14'),
('An Illustrative Example, next step', 2, None, '___sec15'),
('An Illustrative Example, the steady state',
2,
None,
'___sec16'),
('An Illustrative Example, iterative steps', 2, None, '___sec17'),
('An Illustrative Example, what does it mean?',
2,
None,
'___sec18'),
('An Illustrative Example, understanding the basics',
2,
None,
'___sec19'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec20'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec21'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec22'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec23'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec24'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec25'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec26'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec27'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec28'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec29'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec30'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec31'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec32'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec33'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec34'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec35'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec36'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec37'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec38'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec39'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec40'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec41'),
('The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance',
2,
None,
'___sec42'),
('Brief Summary', 2, None, '___sec43'),
('Gibbs sampling', 2, None, '___sec44'),
('Boltzmann Machines', 2, None, '___sec45'),
('Some similarities and differences from DNNs',
2,
None,
'___sec46'),
('Boltzmann machines (BM)', 2, None, '___sec47'),
('A standard BM setup', 2, None, '___sec48'),
('The structure of the RBM network', 2, None, '___sec49'),
('The network', 2, None, '___sec50'),
('Goals', 2, None, '___sec51'),
('Joint distribution', 2, None, '___sec52'),
('Network Elements, the energy function', 2, None, '___sec53'),
('Defining different types of RBMs', 2, None, '___sec54'),
('More about RBMs', 2, None, '___sec55'),
('Sampling: Metropolis sampling', 2, None, '___sec56'),
('Sampling: Gibbs sampling', 2, None, '___sec57'),
('Gaussian RBM', 2, None, '___sec58'),
('Cost function', 2, None, '___sec59'),
('Optimization / Training', 2, None, '___sec60'),
('More on RBMs', 2, None, '___sec61'),
('Which sampling to use', 2, None, '___sec62'),
('Kullback-Leibler relative entropy', 2, None, '___sec63'),
('Optimizing the cost function', 2, None, '___sec64'),
('Setting up for gradient descent calculations',
2,
None,
'___sec65'),
('More interpretations', 2, None, '___sec66'),
('Recent examples: RBMs for the quantum many body problem',
2,
None,
'___sec67'),
('Choose the right RBM', 2, None, '___sec68'),
('Representing the wave function', 2, None, '___sec69'),
('Choose the cost function', 2, None, '___sec70'),
('Running the codes', 2, None, '___sec71'),
('Energy as function of iterations, $N=2$ electrons',
2,
None,
'___sec72')]}
end of tocinfo -->
<body>
<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
MathJax.Hub.Config({
TeX: {
equationNumbers: { autoNumber: "none" },
extensions: ["AMSmath.js", "AMSsymbols.js", "autobold.js", "color.js"]
}
});
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" async
src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML">
</script>
<!-- Bootstrap navigation bar -->
<div class="navbar navbar-default navbar-fixed-top">
<div class="navbar-header">
<button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".navbar-responsive-collapse">
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
</button>
<a class="navbar-brand" href="BM-bs.html">Machine Learning and Boltzmann machines with applications</a>
</div>
<div class="navbar-collapse collapse navbar-responsive-collapse">
<ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
<li class="dropdown">
<a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Contents <b class="caret"></b></a>
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs001.html#___sec0" style="font-size: 80%;">Types of Machine Learning, a repetition</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs002.html#___sec1" style="font-size: 80%;">Why Boltzmann machines?</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs003.html#___sec2" style="font-size: 80%;">An intermediate step, the Hopfield network and links to the Ising and Potts models</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs004.html#___sec3" style="font-size: 80%;">A brief review on Markov Chains, Metropolis and Gibbs sampling</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs005.html#___sec4" style="font-size: 80%;">Brownian motion and Markov processes</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs006.html#___sec5" style="font-size: 80%;">Brownian motion and Markov processes, Ergodicity and Detailed balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs007.html#___sec6" style="font-size: 80%;">Brownian motion and Markov processes, jargon</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs008.html#___sec7" style="font-size: 80%;">Brownian motion and Markov processes, sequence of ingredients</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs009.html#___sec8" style="font-size: 80%;">Applications: almost every field in science</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs010.html#___sec9" style="font-size: 80%;">Markov processes</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs011.html#___sec10" style="font-size: 80%;">Markov processes</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs012.html#___sec11" style="font-size: 80%;">Markov processes, the probabilities</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs013.html#___sec12" style="font-size: 80%;">Markov processes</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs014.html#___sec13" style="font-size: 80%;">An Illustrative Example</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs015.html#___sec14" style="font-size: 80%;">An Illustrative Example</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs016.html#___sec15" style="font-size: 80%;">An Illustrative Example, next step</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs017.html#___sec16" style="font-size: 80%;">An Illustrative Example, the steady state</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs018.html#___sec17" style="font-size: 80%;">An Illustrative Example, iterative steps</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs019.html#___sec18" style="font-size: 80%;">An Illustrative Example, what does it mean?</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs020.html#___sec19" style="font-size: 80%;">An Illustrative Example, understanding the basics</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs021.html#___sec20" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs022.html#___sec21" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs023.html#___sec22" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs024.html#___sec23" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs025.html#___sec24" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs026.html#___sec25" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs027.html#___sec26" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs028.html#___sec27" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs029.html#___sec28" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs030.html#___sec29" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs031.html#___sec30" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs032.html#___sec31" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs033.html#___sec32" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs034.html#___sec33" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs035.html#___sec34" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs036.html#___sec35" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs037.html#___sec36" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs038.html#___sec37" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs039.html#___sec38" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs040.html#___sec39" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs041.html#___sec40" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs042.html#___sec41" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs043.html#___sec42" style="font-size: 80%;">The Metropolis Algorithm and Detailed Balance</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs044.html#___sec43" style="font-size: 80%;">Brief Summary</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs045.html#___sec44" style="font-size: 80%;">Gibbs sampling</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs046.html#___sec45" style="font-size: 80%;">Boltzmann Machines</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs047.html#___sec46" style="font-size: 80%;">Some similarities and differences from DNNs</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs048.html#___sec47" style="font-size: 80%;">Boltzmann machines (BM)</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="#___sec48" style="font-size: 80%;">A standard BM setup</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs050.html#___sec49" style="font-size: 80%;">The structure of the RBM network</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs051.html#___sec50" style="font-size: 80%;">The network</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs052.html#___sec51" style="font-size: 80%;">Goals</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs053.html#___sec52" style="font-size: 80%;">Joint distribution</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs054.html#___sec53" style="font-size: 80%;">Network Elements, the energy function</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs055.html#___sec54" style="font-size: 80%;">Defining different types of RBMs</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs056.html#___sec55" style="font-size: 80%;">More about RBMs</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs057.html#___sec56" style="font-size: 80%;">Sampling: Metropolis sampling</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs058.html#___sec57" style="font-size: 80%;">Sampling: Gibbs sampling</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs059.html#___sec58" style="font-size: 80%;">Gaussian RBM</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs060.html#___sec59" style="font-size: 80%;">Cost function</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs061.html#___sec60" style="font-size: 80%;">Optimization / Training</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs062.html#___sec61" style="font-size: 80%;">More on RBMs</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs063.html#___sec62" style="font-size: 80%;">Which sampling to use</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs064.html#___sec63" style="font-size: 80%;">Kullback-Leibler relative entropy</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs065.html#___sec64" style="font-size: 80%;">Optimizing the cost function</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs066.html#___sec65" style="font-size: 80%;">Setting up for gradient descent calculations</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs067.html#___sec66" style="font-size: 80%;">More interpretations</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs068.html#___sec67" style="font-size: 80%;">Recent examples: RBMs for the quantum many body problem</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs069.html#___sec68" style="font-size: 80%;">Choose the right RBM</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs070.html#___sec69" style="font-size: 80%;">Representing the wave function</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs071.html#___sec70" style="font-size: 80%;">Choose the cost function</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs072.html#___sec71" style="font-size: 80%;">Running the codes</a></li>
<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._BM-bs073.html#___sec72" style="font-size: 80%;">Energy as function of iterations, \( N=2 \) electrons</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div> <!-- end of navigation bar -->
<div class="container">
<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p> <!-- add vertical space -->
<a name="part0049"></a>
<!-- !split -->
<h2 id="___sec48" class="anchor">A standard BM setup </h2>
<p>
<div class="panel panel-default">
<div class="panel-body">
<p> <!-- subsequent paragraphs come in larger fonts, so start with a paragraph -->
A standard BM network is divided into a set of observable and visible units \( \hat{x} \) and a set of unknown hidden units/nodes \( \hat{h} \).
</div>
</div>
<p>
<div class="panel panel-default">
<div class="panel-body">
<p> <!-- subsequent paragraphs come in larger fonts, so start with a paragraph -->
Additionally there can be bias nodes for the hidden and visible layers. These biases are normally set to \( 1 \).
</div>
</div>
<p>
<div class="panel panel-default">
<div class="panel-body">
<p> <!-- subsequent paragraphs come in larger fonts, so start with a paragraph -->
BMs are stackable, meaning they cwe can train a BM which serves as input to another BM. We can construct deep networks for learning complex PDFs. The layers can be trained one after another, a feature which makes them popular in deep learning
</div>
</div>
<p>
However, they are often hard to train. This leads to the introduction of so-called restricted BMs, or RBMS.
Here we take away all lateral connections between nodes in the visible layer as well as connections between nodes in the hidden layer. The network is illustrated in the figure below.
<p>
<p>
<!-- navigation buttons at the bottom of the page -->
<ul class="pagination">
<li><a href="._BM-bs048.html">&laquo;</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs000.html">1</a></li>
<li><a href="">...</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs041.html">42</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs042.html">43</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs043.html">44</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs044.html">45</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs045.html">46</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs046.html">47</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs047.html">48</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs048.html">49</a></li>
<li class="active"><a href="._BM-bs049.html">50</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs050.html">51</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs051.html">52</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs052.html">53</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs053.html">54</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs054.html">55</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs055.html">56</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs056.html">57</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs057.html">58</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs058.html">59</a></li>
<li><a href="">...</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs073.html">74</a></li>
<li><a href="._BM-bs050.html">&raquo;</a></li>
</ul>
<!-- ------------------- end of main content --------------- -->
</div> <!-- end container -->
<!-- include javascript, jQuery *first* -->
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.0.0/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>
<!-- Bootstrap footer
<footer>
<a href="http://..."><img width="250" align=right src="http://..."></a>
</footer>
-->
<center style="font-size:80%">
<!-- copyright only on the titlepage -->
</center>
</body>
</html>
Reference in New Issue View Git Blame Copy Permalink