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361 lines
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<title>Week 43: Deep Learning: Recurrent Neural Networks and other Deep Learning Methods. Principal Component analysis</title>
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'sections': [('Plans for week 43', 2, None, '___sec0'),
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('Reading Recommendations', 2, None, '___sec1'),
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('Summary on Deep Learning Methods', 2, None, '___sec2'),
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('CNNs in brief', 2, None, '___sec3'),
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('Recurrent neural networks: Overarching view',
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2,
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None,
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'___sec4'),
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('Set up of an RNN', 2, None, '___sec5'),
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('A simple example', 2, None, '___sec6'),
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('An extrapolation example', 2, None, '___sec7'),
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('Formatting the Data', 2, None, '___sec8'),
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('Predicting New Points With A Trained Recurrent Neural Network',
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2,
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None,
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'___sec9'),
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('Other Things to Try', 2, None, '___sec10'),
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('Other Types of Recurrent Neural Networks', 2, None, '___sec11'),
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('Generative Models', 2, None, '___sec12'),
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('Generative Adversarial Networks', 2, None, '___sec13'),
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('Discriminator', 2, None, '___sec14'),
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('Learning Process', 2, None, '___sec15'),
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('More about the Learning Process', 2, None, '___sec16'),
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('Additional References', 2, None, '___sec17'),
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('Writing Our First Generative Adversarial Network',
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2,
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None,
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'___sec18'),
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('MNIST and GANs', 2, None, '___sec19'),
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('Other Models', 2, None, '___sec20'),
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('Training Step', 2, None, '___sec21'),
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('Checkpoints', 2, None, '___sec22'),
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('Exploring the Latent Space', 2, None, '___sec23'),
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('Getting Results', 2, None, '___sec24'),
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('Interpolating Between MNIST Digits', 2, None, '___sec25'),
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('Basic ideas of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA)',
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2,
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None,
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'___sec26'),
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('Introducing the Covariance and Correlation functions',
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2,
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None,
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'___sec27'),
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('More on the covariance', 2, None, '___sec28'),
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('Reminding ourselves about Linear Regression',
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2,
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None,
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'___sec29'),
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('Simple Example', 2, None, '___sec30'),
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('The Correlation Matrix', 2, None, '___sec31'),
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('Numpy Functionality', 2, None, '___sec32'),
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('Correlation Matrix again', 2, None, '___sec33'),
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('Using Pandas', 2, None, '___sec34'),
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('And then the Franke Function', 2, None, '___sec35'),
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('Lnks with the Design Matrix', 2, None, '___sec36'),
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('Computing the Expectation Values', 2, None, '___sec37'),
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('Towards the PCA theorem', 2, None, '___sec38'),
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('More on the PCA Theorem', 2, None, '___sec39'),
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('The Algorithm before the Theorem', 2, None, '___sec40'),
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('Writing our own PCA code', 2, None, '___sec41'),
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('Implementing it', 2, None, '___sec42'),
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('First Step', 2, None, '___sec43'),
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('Scaling', 2, None, '___sec44'),
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('Centered Data', 2, None, '___sec45'),
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('Exploring', 2, None, '___sec46'),
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('Diagonalize the sample covariance matrix to obtain the '
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'principal components',
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2,
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None,
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'___sec47'),
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('Collecting all Steps', 2, None, '___sec48'),
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('Classical PCA Theorem', 2, None, '___sec49'),
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('The PCA Theorem', 2, None, '___sec50'),
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('Geometric Interpretation and link with Singular Value '
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'Decomposition',
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2,
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None,
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'___sec51'),
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('PCA and scikit-learn', 2, None, '___sec52'),
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('Back to the Cancer Data', 2, None, '___sec53'),
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('Incremental PCA', 2, None, '___sec54'),
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('Randomized PCA', 3, None, '___sec55'),
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('Kernel PCA', 3, None, '___sec56'),
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('Other techniques', 2, None, '___sec57')]}
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<a class="navbar-brand" href="week43-bs.html">Week 43: Deep Learning: Recurrent Neural Networks and other Deep Learning Methods. Principal Component analysis</a>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu">
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs001.html#___sec0" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Plans for week 43</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs002.html#___sec1" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Reading Recommendations</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs003.html#___sec2" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Summary on Deep Learning Methods</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs004.html#___sec3" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>CNNs in brief</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs005.html#___sec4" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Recurrent neural networks: Overarching view</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs006.html#___sec5" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Set up of an RNN</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="#___sec6" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>A simple example</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs008.html#___sec7" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>An extrapolation example</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs009.html#___sec8" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Formatting the Data</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs010.html#___sec9" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Predicting New Points With A Trained Recurrent Neural Network</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs011.html#___sec10" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Other Things to Try</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs012.html#___sec11" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Other Types of Recurrent Neural Networks</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs013.html#___sec12" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Generative Models</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs014.html#___sec13" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Generative Adversarial Networks</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs015.html#___sec14" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Discriminator</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs016.html#___sec15" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Learning Process</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs017.html#___sec16" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>More about the Learning Process</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs018.html#___sec17" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Additional References</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs019.html#___sec18" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Writing Our First Generative Adversarial Network</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs020.html#___sec19" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>MNIST and GANs</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs021.html#___sec20" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Other Models</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs022.html#___sec21" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Training Step</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs023.html#___sec22" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Checkpoints</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs024.html#___sec23" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Exploring the Latent Space</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs025.html#___sec24" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Getting Results</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs026.html#___sec25" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Interpolating Between MNIST Digits</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs027.html#___sec26" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Basic ideas of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA)</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs028.html#___sec27" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Introducing the Covariance and Correlation functions</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs029.html#___sec28" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>More on the covariance</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs030.html#___sec29" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Reminding ourselves about Linear Regression</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs031.html#___sec30" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Simple Example</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs032.html#___sec31" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>The Correlation Matrix</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs033.html#___sec32" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Numpy Functionality</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs034.html#___sec33" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Correlation Matrix again</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs035.html#___sec34" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Using Pandas</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs036.html#___sec35" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>And then the Franke Function</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs037.html#___sec36" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Lnks with the Design Matrix</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs038.html#___sec37" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Computing the Expectation Values</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs039.html#___sec38" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Towards the PCA theorem</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs040.html#___sec39" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>More on the PCA Theorem</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs041.html#___sec40" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>The Algorithm before the Theorem</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs042.html#___sec41" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Writing our own PCA code</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs043.html#___sec42" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Implementing it</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs044.html#___sec43" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>First Step</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs045.html#___sec44" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Scaling</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs046.html#___sec45" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Centered Data</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs047.html#___sec46" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Exploring</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs048.html#___sec47" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Diagonalize the sample covariance matrix to obtain the principal components</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs049.html#___sec48" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Collecting all Steps</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs050.html#___sec49" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Classical PCA Theorem</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs051.html#___sec50" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>The PCA Theorem</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs052.html#___sec51" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Geometric Interpretation and link with Singular Value Decomposition</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs053.html#___sec52" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>PCA and scikit-learn</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs054.html#___sec53" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Back to the Cancer Data</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs055.html#___sec54" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Incremental PCA</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs055.html#___sec55" style="font-size: 80%;"> Randomized PCA</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs055.html#___sec56" style="font-size: 80%;"> Kernel PCA</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week43-bs056.html#___sec57" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Other techniques</b></a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p> <!-- add vertical space -->
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<a name="part0007"></a>
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<!-- !split -->
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<h2 id="___sec6" class="anchor">A simple example </h2>
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<p>
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<!-- code=python (!bc pycod) typeset with pygments style "default" -->
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<div class="highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8"><pre style="line-height: 125%"><span></span><span style="color: #408080; font-style: italic"># Start importing packages</span>
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<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">import</span> <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold">pandas</span> <span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">as</span> <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold">pd</span>
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<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">import</span> <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold">numpy</span> <span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">as</span> <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold">np</span>
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<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">import</span> <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">as</span> <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold">plt</span>
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<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">import</span> <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold">tensorflow</span> <span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">as</span> <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold">tf</span>
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<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">from</span> <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold">tensorflow.keras</span> <span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">import</span> datasets, layers, models
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<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">from</span> <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold">tensorflow.keras.layers</span> <span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">import</span> Input
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<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">from</span> <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold">tensorflow.keras.models</span> <span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">import</span> Model, Sequential
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<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">from</span> <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold">tensorflow.keras.layers</span> <span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">import</span> Dense, SimpleRNN, LSTM, GRU
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<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">from</span> <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold">tensorflow.keras</span> <span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">import</span> optimizers
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<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">from</span> <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold">tensorflow.keras</span> <span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">import</span> regularizers
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<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">from</span> <span style="color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold">tensorflow.keras.utils</span> <span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">import</span> to_categorical
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<span style="color: #408080; font-style: italic"># convert into dataset matrix</span>
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<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">def</span> <span style="color: #0000FF">convertToMatrix</span>(data, step):
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X, Y <span style="color: #666666">=</span>[], []
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<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">for</span> i <span style="color: #AA22FF; font-weight: bold">in</span> <span style="color: #008000">range</span>(<span style="color: #008000">len</span>(data)<span style="color: #666666">-</span>step):
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d<span style="color: #666666">=</span>i<span style="color: #666666">+</span>step
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X<span style="color: #666666">.</span>append(data[i:d,])
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Y<span style="color: #666666">.</span>append(data[d,])
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<span style="color: #008000; font-weight: bold">return</span> np<span style="color: #666666">.</span>array(X), np<span style="color: #666666">.</span>array(Y)
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step <span style="color: #666666">=</span> <span style="color: #666666">4</span>
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N <span style="color: #666666">=</span> <span style="color: #666666">1000</span>
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Tp <span style="color: #666666">=</span> <span style="color: #666666">800</span>
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t<span style="color: #666666">=</span>np<span style="color: #666666">.</span>arange(<span style="color: #666666">0</span>,N)
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x<span style="color: #666666">=</span>np<span style="color: #666666">.</span>sin(<span style="color: #666666">0.02*</span>t)<span style="color: #666666">+2*</span>np<span style="color: #666666">.</span>random<span style="color: #666666">.</span>rand(N)
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df <span style="color: #666666">=</span> pd<span style="color: #666666">.</span>DataFrame(x)
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df<span style="color: #666666">.</span>head()
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plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>plot(df)
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plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>show()
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values<span style="color: #666666">=</span>df<span style="color: #666666">.</span>values
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train,test <span style="color: #666666">=</span> values[<span style="color: #666666">0</span>:Tp,:], values[Tp:N,:]
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<span style="color: #408080; font-style: italic"># add step elements into train and test</span>
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test <span style="color: #666666">=</span> np<span style="color: #666666">.</span>append(test,np<span style="color: #666666">.</span>repeat(test[<span style="color: #666666">-1</span>,],step))
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train <span style="color: #666666">=</span> np<span style="color: #666666">.</span>append(train,np<span style="color: #666666">.</span>repeat(train[<span style="color: #666666">-1</span>,],step))
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trainX,trainY <span style="color: #666666">=</span>convertToMatrix(train,step)
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testX,testY <span style="color: #666666">=</span>convertToMatrix(test,step)
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trainX <span style="color: #666666">=</span> np<span style="color: #666666">.</span>reshape(trainX, (trainX<span style="color: #666666">.</span>shape[<span style="color: #666666">0</span>], <span style="color: #666666">1</span>, trainX<span style="color: #666666">.</span>shape[<span style="color: #666666">1</span>]))
|
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testX <span style="color: #666666">=</span> np<span style="color: #666666">.</span>reshape(testX, (testX<span style="color: #666666">.</span>shape[<span style="color: #666666">0</span>], <span style="color: #666666">1</span>, testX<span style="color: #666666">.</span>shape[<span style="color: #666666">1</span>]))
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|
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model <span style="color: #666666">=</span> Sequential()
|
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model<span style="color: #666666">.</span>add(SimpleRNN(units<span style="color: #666666">=32</span>, input_shape<span style="color: #666666">=</span>(<span style="color: #666666">1</span>,step), activation<span style="color: #666666">=</span><span style="color: #BA2121">"relu"</span>))
|
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model<span style="color: #666666">.</span>add(Dense(<span style="color: #666666">8</span>, activation<span style="color: #666666">=</span><span style="color: #BA2121">"relu"</span>))
|
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model<span style="color: #666666">.</span>add(Dense(<span style="color: #666666">1</span>))
|
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model<span style="color: #666666">.</span>compile(loss<span style="color: #666666">=</span><span style="color: #BA2121">'mean_squared_error'</span>, optimizer<span style="color: #666666">=</span><span style="color: #BA2121">'rmsprop'</span>)
|
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model<span style="color: #666666">.</span>summary()
|
|
|
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model<span style="color: #666666">.</span>fit(trainX,trainY, epochs<span style="color: #666666">=100</span>, batch_size<span style="color: #666666">=16</span>, verbose<span style="color: #666666">=2</span>)
|
|
trainPredict <span style="color: #666666">=</span> model<span style="color: #666666">.</span>predict(trainX)
|
|
testPredict<span style="color: #666666">=</span> model<span style="color: #666666">.</span>predict(testX)
|
|
predicted<span style="color: #666666">=</span>np<span style="color: #666666">.</span>concatenate((trainPredict,testPredict),axis<span style="color: #666666">=0</span>)
|
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|
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trainScore <span style="color: #666666">=</span> model<span style="color: #666666">.</span>evaluate(trainX, trainY, verbose<span style="color: #666666">=0</span>)
|
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<span style="color: #008000">print</span>(trainScore)
|
|
|
|
index <span style="color: #666666">=</span> df<span style="color: #666666">.</span>index<span style="color: #666666">.</span>values
|
|
plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>plot(index,df)
|
|
plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>plot(index,predicted)
|
|
plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>axvline(df<span style="color: #666666">.</span>index[Tp], c<span style="color: #666666">=</span><span style="color: #BA2121">"r"</span>)
|
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plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>show()
|
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</pre></div>
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