Morten Hjorth-Jensen
403 lines
23 KiB
HTML
403 lines
23 KiB
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs001.html#plans-for-week-38" style="font-size: 80%;">Plans for week 38</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs002.html#thursday-september-23" style="font-size: 80%;">Thursday September 23</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs003.html#ridge-and-lasso-regression-reminder" style="font-size: 80%;">Ridge and LASSO Regression, reminder</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs004.html#various-steps-in-cross-validation" style="font-size: 80%;">Various steps in cross-validation</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs005.html#how-to-set-up-the-cross-validation-for-ridge-and-or-lasso" style="font-size: 80%;">How to set up the cross-validation for Ridge and/or Lasso</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs006.html#cross-validation-in-brief" style="font-size: 80%;">Cross-validation in brief</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs007.html#code-example-for-cross-validation-and-k-fold-cross-validation" style="font-size: 80%;">Code Example for Cross-validation and \( k \)-fold Cross-validation</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs008.html#to-think-about-first-part" style="font-size: 80%;">To think about, first part</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs009.html#more-thinking" style="font-size: 80%;">More thinking</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs010.html#still-thinking" style="font-size: 80%;">Still thinking</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs011.html#what-does-centering-subtracting-the-mean-values-mean-mathematically" style="font-size: 80%;">What does centering (subtracting the mean values) mean mathematically?</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs012.html#further-manipulations" style="font-size: 80%;">Further Manipulations</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs013.html#wrapping-it-up" style="font-size: 80%;">Wrapping it up</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs014.html#linear-regression-code-intercept-handling-first" style="font-size: 80%;">Linear Regression code, Intercept handling first</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs015.html#code-examples" style="font-size: 80%;">Code Examples</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs016.html#taking-out-the-mean" style="font-size: 80%;">Taking out the mean</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs017.html#more-complicated-example-the-ising-model" style="font-size: 80%;">More complicated Example: The Ising model</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs018.html#reformulating-the-problem-to-suit-regression" style="font-size: 80%;">Reformulating the problem to suit regression</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs019.html#linear-regression" style="font-size: 80%;">Linear regression</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs020.html#singular-value-decomposition" style="font-size: 80%;">Singular Value decomposition</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs021.html#the-one-dimensional-ising-model" style="font-size: 80%;">The one-dimensional Ising model</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs022.html#ridge-regression" style="font-size: 80%;">Ridge regression</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs023.html#lasso-regression" style="font-size: 80%;">LASSO regression</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs024.html#performance-as-function-of-the-regularization-parameter" style="font-size: 80%;">Performance as function of the regularization parameter</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs025.html#finding-the-optimal-value-of-lambda" style="font-size: 80%;">Finding the optimal value of \( \lambda \)</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs026.html#logistic-regression" style="font-size: 80%;">Logistic Regression</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs027.html#classification-problems" style="font-size: 80%;">Classification problems</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs028.html#optimization-and-deep-learning" style="font-size: 80%;">Optimization and Deep learning</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs029.html#basics" style="font-size: 80%;">Basics</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs030.html#linear-classifier" style="font-size: 80%;">Linear classifier</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs031.html#some-selected-properties" style="font-size: 80%;">Some selected properties</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs032.html#simple-example" style="font-size: 80%;">Simple example</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="#plotting-the-mean-value-for-each-group" style="font-size: 80%;">Plotting the mean value for each group</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs034.html#the-logistic-function" style="font-size: 80%;">The logistic function</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs035.html#examples-of-likelihood-functions-used-in-logistic-regression-and-nueral-networks" style="font-size: 80%;">Examples of likelihood functions used in logistic regression and nueral networks</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs036.html#two-parameters" style="font-size: 80%;">Two parameters</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs037.html#maximum-likelihood" style="font-size: 80%;">Maximum likelihood</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs038.html#the-cost-function-rewritten" style="font-size: 80%;">The cost function rewritten</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs039.html#minimizing-the-cross-entropy" style="font-size: 80%;">Minimizing the cross entropy</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs040.html#a-more-compact-expression" style="font-size: 80%;">A more compact expression</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs041.html#extending-to-more-predictors" style="font-size: 80%;">Extending to more predictors</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs042.html#including-more-classes" style="font-size: 80%;">Including more classes</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs043.html#more-classes" style="font-size: 80%;">More classes</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs044.html#friday-september-24" style="font-size: 80%;">Friday September 24</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs045.html#wisconsin-cancer-data" style="font-size: 80%;">Wisconsin Cancer Data</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs046.html#using-the-correlation-matrix" style="font-size: 80%;">Using the correlation matrix</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs047.html#discussing-the-correlation-data" style="font-size: 80%;">Discussing the correlation data</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs048.html#other-measures-in-classification-studies-cancer-data-again" style="font-size: 80%;">Other measures in classification studies: Cancer Data again</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs049.html#friday-september-25" style="font-size: 80%;">Friday September 25</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs050.html#optimization-the-central-part-of-any-machine-learning-algortithm" style="font-size: 80%;">Optimization, the central part of any Machine Learning algortithm</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs051.html#revisiting-our-logistic-regression-case" style="font-size: 80%;">Revisiting our Logistic Regression case</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs052.html#the-equations-to-solve" style="font-size: 80%;">The equations to solve</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs053.html#solving-using-newton-raphson-s-method" style="font-size: 80%;">Solving using Newton-Raphson's method</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs054.html#brief-reminder-on-newton-raphson-s-method" style="font-size: 80%;">Brief reminder on Newton-Raphson's method</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs055.html#the-equations" style="font-size: 80%;">The equations</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs056.html#simple-geometric-interpretation" style="font-size: 80%;">Simple geometric interpretation</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs057.html#extending-to-more-than-one-variable" style="font-size: 80%;">Extending to more than one variable</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs058.html#steepest-descent" style="font-size: 80%;">Steepest descent</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs059.html#more-on-steepest-descent" style="font-size: 80%;">More on Steepest descent</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs060.html#the-ideal" style="font-size: 80%;">The ideal</a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._week38-bs061.html#the-sensitiveness-of-the-gradient-descent" style="font-size: 80%;">The sensitiveness of the gradient descent</a></li>
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</ul>
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<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p> <!-- add vertical space -->
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<a name="part0033"></a>
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<!-- !split -->
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<h2 id="plotting-the-mean-value-for-each-group" class="anchor">Plotting the mean value for each group </h2>
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<p>
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What we could attempt however is to plot the mean value for each group.
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<p>
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<!-- code=python (!bc pycod) typeset with pygments style "default" -->
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<div class="highlight" style="background: #f8f8f8"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span>agegroupmean <span style="color: #666666">=</span> np<span style="color: #666666">.</span>array([<span style="color: #666666">0.1</span>, <span style="color: #666666">0.133</span>, <span style="color: #666666">0.250</span>, <span style="color: #666666">0.333</span>, <span style="color: #666666">0.462</span>, <span style="color: #666666">0.625</span>, <span style="color: #666666">0.765</span>, <span style="color: #666666">0.800</span>])
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group <span style="color: #666666">=</span> np<span style="color: #666666">.</span>array([<span style="color: #666666">1</span>, <span style="color: #666666">2</span>, <span style="color: #666666">3</span>, <span style="color: #666666">4</span>, <span style="color: #666666">5</span>, <span style="color: #666666">6</span>, <span style="color: #666666">7</span>, <span style="color: #666666">8</span>])
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plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>plot(group, agegroupmean, <span style="color: #BA2121">"r-"</span>)
|
|
plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>axis([<span style="color: #666666">0</span>,<span style="color: #666666">9</span>,<span style="color: #666666">0</span>, <span style="color: #666666">1.0</span>])
|
|
plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>xlabel(<span style="color: #BA2121">r'Age group'</span>)
|
|
plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>ylabel(<span style="color: #BA2121">r'CHD mean values'</span>)
|
|
plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>title(<span style="color: #BA2121">r'Mean values for each age group'</span>)
|
|
plt<span style="color: #666666">.</span>show()
|
|
</pre></div>
|
|
<p>
|
|
We are now trying to find a function \( f(y\vert x) \), that is a function which gives us an expected value for the output \( y \) with a given input \( x \).
|
|
In standard linear regression with a linear dependence on \( x \), we would write this in terms of our model
|
|
$$
|
|
f(y_i\vert x_i)=\beta_0+\beta_1 x_i.
|
|
$$
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
This expression implies however that \( f(y_i\vert x_i) \) could take any
|
|
value from minus infinity to plus infinity. If we however let
|
|
\( f(y\vert y) \) be represented by the mean value, the above example
|
|
shows us that we can constrain the function to take values between
|
|
zero and one, that is we have \( 0 \le f(y_i\vert x_i) \le 1 \). Looking
|
|
at our last curve we see also that it has an S-shaped form. This leads
|
|
us to a very popular model for the function \( f \), namely the so-called
|
|
Sigmoid function or logistic model. We will consider this function as
|
|
representing the probability for finding a value of \( y_i \) with a given
|
|
\( x_i \).
|
|
|
|
<p>
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<p>
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