updated typos
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@@ -110,20 +110,19 @@ Automatically generated HTML file from DocOnce source
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('Improving performance', 2, None, '___sec44'),
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('Full object-oriented implementation', 2, None, '___sec45'),
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('Evaluate model performance on test data', 2, None, '___sec46'),
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('Adjust hyperparameters (if necessary, network architecture',
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2,
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None,
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'___sec47'),
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('scikit-learn implementation', 2, None, '___sec48'),
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('Adjust hyperparameters', 2, None, '___sec47'),
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('Visualization', 2, None, '___sec48'),
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('scikit-learn implementation', 2, None, '___sec49'),
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('Visualization', 2, None, '___sec50'),
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('Building neural networks in Tensorflow and Keras',
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2,
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None,
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'___sec49'),
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('Tensorflow', 2, None, '___sec50'),
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('Collect and pre-process data', 2, None, '___sec51'),
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('Using TensorFlow backend', 2, None, '___sec52'),
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('Optimizing and using gradient descent', 2, None, '___sec53'),
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('Using Keras', 2, None, '___sec54')]}
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'___sec51'),
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('Tensorflow', 2, None, '___sec52'),
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('Collect and pre-process data', 2, None, '___sec53'),
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('Using TensorFlow backend', 2, None, '___sec54'),
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('Optimizing and using gradient descent', 2, None, '___sec55'),
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('Using Keras', 2, None, '___sec56')]}
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end of tocinfo -->
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<body>
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@@ -208,14 +207,16 @@ MathJax.Hub.Config({
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs045.html#___sec44" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Improving performance</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs046.html#___sec45" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Full object-oriented implementation</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs047.html#___sec46" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Evaluate model performance on test data</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs048.html#___sec47" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Adjust hyperparameters (if necessary, network architecture</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs049.html#___sec48" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>scikit-learn implementation</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs050.html#___sec49" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Building neural networks in Tensorflow and Keras</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs051.html#___sec50" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Tensorflow</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs052.html#___sec51" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Collect and pre-process data</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs053.html#___sec52" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Using TensorFlow backend</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs054.html#___sec53" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Optimizing and using gradient descent</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs055.html#___sec54" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Using Keras</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs048.html#___sec47" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Adjust hyperparameters</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs049.html#___sec48" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Visualization</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs050.html#___sec49" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>scikit-learn implementation</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs051.html#___sec50" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Visualization</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs052.html#___sec51" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Building neural networks in Tensorflow and Keras</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs053.html#___sec52" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Tensorflow</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs054.html#___sec53" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Collect and pre-process data</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs055.html#___sec54" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Using TensorFlow backend</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs056.html#___sec55" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Optimizing and using gradient descent</b></a></li>
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<!-- navigation toc: --> <li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs057.html#___sec56" style="font-size: 80%;"><b>Using Keras</b></a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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@@ -237,38 +238,38 @@ MathJax.Hub.Config({
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To more efficently train our network these equations are implemented using matrix operations.
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The error in the output layer is calculated simply as
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$$ \Delta_o = \hat{y} - y = (n_{inputs}, n_{categories}) .$$
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$$ \delta_L = \hat{y} - y = (n_{inputs}, n_{categories}) .$$
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<p>
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The gradient for the output weights is calculated as
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$$ \nabla W_{o} = A^T \Delta_o = (n_{hidden}, n_{categories}) ,$$
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$$ \nabla W_{L} = \hat{a}^T \delta_L = (n_{hidden}, n_{categories}) ,$$
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<p>
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where \( A = (n_{inputs}, n_{hidden}) \). This simply means that we are summing up the gradients for each input.
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where \( \hat{a} = (n_{inputs}, n_{hidden}) \). This simply means that we are summing up the gradients for each input.
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Since we are going backwards we have to transpose the activation matrix.
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<p>
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The gradient with respect to the output bias is then
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$$ \nabla B_{o} = \sum_{i=1}^{n_{inputs}} \Delta_o = (n_{categories}) .$$
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$$ \nabla \hat{b}_{L} = \sum_{i=1}^{n_{inputs}} \delta_L = (n_{categories}) .$$
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<p>
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The error in the hidden layer is
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$$ \Delta_h = \Delta_o W_{o}^T \circ f'(Z_{h}) = \Delta_o W_{o}^T \circ A_{h} \circ (1 - A_{h}) = (n_{inputs}, n_{hidden}) ,$$
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$$ \Delta_h = \delta_L W_{L}^T \circ f'(z_{h}) = \delta_L W_{L}^T \circ a_{h} \circ (1 - a_{h}) = (n_{inputs}, n_{hidden}) ,$$
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<p>
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where \( f'(A_{h}) \) is the derivative of the activation in the hidden layer. The matrix products mean
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where \( f'(a_{h}) \) is the derivative of the activation in the hidden layer. The matrix products mean
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that we are summing up the products for each neuron in the output layer. The symbol \( \circ \) denotes
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the <em>Hadamard product</em>, meaning element-wise multiplication.
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<p>
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This again gives us the gradients in the hidden layer:
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$$ \nabla W_{h} = X^T \Delta_h = (n_{features}, n_{hidden}) ,$$
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$$ \nabla W_{h} = X^T \delta_h = (n_{features}, n_{hidden}) ,$$
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$$ \nabla B_{h} = \sum_{i=1}^{n_{inputs}} \Delta_h = (n_{hidden}) .$$
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$$ \nabla b_{h} = \sum_{i=1}^{n_{inputs}} \delta_h = (n_{hidden}) .$$
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<p>
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@@ -371,7 +372,7 @@ lmbd <span style="color: #666666">=</span> <span style="color: #666666">0.01</sp
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<li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs052.html">53</a></li>
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<li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs053.html">54</a></li>
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<li><a href="">...</a></li>
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<li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs055.html">56</a></li>
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<li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs057.html">58</a></li>
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<li><a href="._NeuralNet-bs045.html">»</a></li>
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</ul>
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<!-- ------------------- end of main content --------------- -->
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